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This book assesses the impact and implementation of national qualifications frameworks in sixteen different countries. It presents two major lessons for policy makers thinking of introducing a National Qualifications Framework (NQF). First, that an NQF is only a way of framing existing provision; it cannot on its own, lead to the acquisition of skills or knowledge. Second, as an attempt to standardize learning- something that is only to a limited extent standardizable, NQFs have disadvantages as well as advantages. The research was funded by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the European Training Foundation (ETF) and, partly as a result of the ILO/ETF Report, the Editors were asked by the World Bank to help them in advising the government of India on introducing a NQF for vocational qualifications. Building on the findings of the report, the editors of this book presented an NQF implementation strategy to the Government of India on behalf of the World Bank. It laid out the steps and stages that would be involved and took account of the earlier experiences of introducing an NQF. Although this strategy was prepared specifically for the Government of India, others who have read it felt it deserved wider circulation. The report has therefore been included in this volume. Since this research was undertaken, the number countries, especially developing countries, implementing or introducing a NQF has continued to increase. This book will be of interest to policy makers and researchers. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Education and Work.
With the rise of the ‘knowledge for development’ paradigm, expert advice has become a prime instrument of foreign aid. At the same time, it has been object of repeated criticism: the chronic failure of ‘technical assistance’ – a notion under which advice is commonly subsumed – has been documented in a host of studies. Nonetheless, international organisations continue to send advisors, promising to increase the ‘effectiveness’ of expert support if their technocratic recommendations are taken up. This book reveals fundamental problems of expert advice in the context of aid that concern issues of power and legitimacy rather than merely flaws of implementation. Based on empirical evidence from South Africa and Tanzania, the authors show that aid-related advisory processes are inevitably obstructed by colliding interests, political pressures and hierarchical relations that impede knowledge transfer and mutual learning. As a result, recipient governments find themselves caught in a perpetual cycle of dependency, continuously advised by experts who convey the shifting paradigms and agendas of their respective donor governments. For young democracies, the persistent presence of external actors is hazardous: ultimately, it poses a threat to the legitimacy of their governments if their policy-making becomes more responsive to foreign demands than to the preferences and needs of their citizens.
This book builds on the Editors’ previous work on the analysis of policy borrowing processes in education. A number of prominent researchers in comparative studies contribute articles describing and analysing policy borrowing in a number of historical contexts, with many of the examples testing aspects of the explanatory models developed by Phillips & Ochs. The countries covered include England, Spain, Germany, France, Austria, Japan and South Africa.
This latest volume in the World Yearbook of Education Series focuses on a major and highly significant development in the governing of education across the globe: the use of knowledge-based technologies as key policy sources. A combination of factors has produced this shift: first, the massive expansion of technological capacity signalled by the arrival of ‘big data’ that allows for the collection, circulation and processing of extensive system knowledge. The rise of data has been observed and discussed extensively, but its role in governing and the rise of comparison as a basis for action is now a determining practice in the field of education. Comparison provides the justification for ‘modernising’ policy in education, both in the developed and developing world, as national policy makers (selectively) seek templates of success from the high performers and demand solutions to apparent underperformance through the adoption of the policies favoured by the likes of Singapore, Finland and Korea. In parallel, the growth of particular forms of expertise: the rise and rise of educational consultancy, the growth of private (for profit) involvement in provision of educational goods and services and the increasing consolidation of networks of influence in the promotion of ‘best practice’ are affecting policy decisions. Through these developments, the nature of knowledge is altered, along with the relationship between knowledge and politics. Knowledge in this context is co-constructed: it is not disciplinary knowledge, but knowledge that emerges in the sharing of experience. This book provides a global snapshot of a changing educational world by giving detailed examples of a fundamental shift in the governing and practice of education learning by: • Assessing approaches to the changing nature of comparative knowledge and information • Tracking the translation and mobilisation of these knowledges in the governing of education/learning; • Identification of the key experts and knowledge producers/circulators/translators and analysis of how best to understand their influence; • Mapping of the global production of these knowledges in terms of their range and reach the interrelationships of actors and their effects in different national settings. Drawing on material from around the world, the book brings together scholars from different backgrounds who provide a tapestry of examples of the global production and national reception and mediation of these knowledges and who show how change enters different national spaces and consider their effects in different national settings.
This anthology provides insightful political analysis of post-apartheid South Africa. Written by leading South African intellectuals, these analyses cover topics such as unemployment, trade unionism, race relations, land reform, education, international relations, and the South Africanisation of the African economy. Within each work the inherited apartheid legacy, the policies introduced to overcome those legacies, and the effectiveness of those policies are addressed.
Many students across the globe seek further education for future employment opportunities. Vocational schools offer direct training to develop the skills needed for employment. New emphasis has been placed on reskilling the workforce as technology has infiltrated all aspects of business. Teachers must be prepared to teach these new skill requirements to allow students to directly enter the workforce with the necessary competences intact. As the labor market and industry are changing, it is essential to stay current with the best teaching practices within vocational education courses to provide the future workforce with the proper tools and knowledge. The Research Anthology on Vocational Education and Preparing Future Workers discusses the development, opportunities, and challenges of vocational education courses and how to best prepare students for future employment. It presents the best practices in curriculum development for vocational education courses and analyzes student outcomes. Covering topics such as industry-academia collaboration, student satisfaction, and competency-based education, this major reference work is an essential resource for academic administration, pre-service teachers, educators of vocational education, libraries, employers, government officials, researchers, and academicians.
Reviews existing research on the English National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) and the early reforms leading to the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework, as well as the other three "early starter" qualifications frameworks (Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa) in five case studies based on existing research and documentation. A further 11 case studies are based on new fieldwork. Mexico and Chile were researched as these countries started work on the development of Labour Competence Frameworks in the late 1990s, even though they do not yet have NQFs per se. Malaysia, Mauritius, and Botswana can be described as "second generation" NQFs. Sri Lanka, Turkey, Lithuania, Tunisia, Bangladesh, and Russia have more recently started developing qualifications frameworks, with Russia being the most recent. The study also involved a review of available literature, a critical analysis of the different roles of qualifications in educational reform, and the development of a proposed typology of qualifications frameworks.
"Describes the similarities and differences between the community colleges and their equivalent in 23 countries around the world"--Provided by publisher.