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To mark its hundredth Round Table on transport economics, the ECMT decided to publish a special issue. Fifty European experts were asked to submit papers examining not only the major issues addressed by transport economics in the past, but also those that are likely to emerge in the future.
This Round Table brings together the leading European experts on changing daily mobility to more ecological forms, and identifies the key policies for the immediate future that could reconcile towns and transport.
This report examines the rapid expansion of international express delivery services in Europe.
With inserted erratum sheet (2p.). On cover: Round Table 103
Includes a chapter on the UK. On cover: Round Table 102
The aim of every politician is to transform the city into an environmentally sustainable entity. However, while the planning and organisation of passenger services within cities is commonly perceived as a major issue, freight transport is not given the full attention it deserves. As a general rule, the role which freight transport plays in the economy of cities is simply not understood. What invariably attracts attention, on the other hand, is the added pollution and congestion caused by freight transport. Europe has recently produced a host of new urban development schemes which place more or less severe restrictions on freight movements in cities. While some cities have introduced measures in line with the town planning objectives of territorial development plans, others have adopted short-term solutions to traffic management problems. Since we know that cities are living entities whose vital processes can be disrupted, how can we be sure that all of these measures are a step in the right direction? Our lack of experience makes this a question we would be well advised to consider. The Round Table reviewed the various aspects of freight transport by examining experiences in different countries and by discussing some of the more innovatory approaches adopted.
In economic appraisals of road safety measures, determining which method to use for the valuation of those measures is a problem. There are two methods open to us. Remarkably, one accurately measures a non-relevant concept (the human capital method), while the other measures the correct parameter, but not very accurately (the willingness-to-pay method). The Round Table examined the many complementary aspects of the two and found that what was needed, above all, were practical guides for each method. The Round Table noted that values for human life are highly comparable from one mode of transp.
Europe's rail-freight market is undergoing sweeping changes. While an expanding long-distance export market is favorable to rail transportation, railways have been steadily losing market share to the truck industry. The reasons for this are numerous and range from a sub-standard quality of service, lack of advanced computer technology and transport logistics, and a shortage of commercial marketng technique. As rail networks open up to competition, new rail firms are springing up. Will the current operators keep pace with change or are they threatened with extinction? Are new firms going to be commercially viable in areas in whcih traditional operators have always failed? The Round Table attempted to answer these questions by taking a look at how the European railway landscape is being reshaped. In doing so, it learned lessons which stand to benefit transportation policy throughout Europe.
Encouraging wage earners to use public transport has a vital role to play in meeting environment objectives, particularly the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Changing people's behavior calls for action in the workplace and one option open to employers is to recruit mobility managers whose task is to help reduce employees' dependence on private car use. Governments can support such initiatives by running information campaigns, by publishing practical guides to incentive schemes and by harmonizing regulatory and fiscal frameworks. Round Table 121 was devoted to this topic and opened with a discussion of the provision of free parking facilities to company employees in the United States, a practice that has many knock-on effects and ramifications. One solution is for companies to replace free parking with cash-out schemes under which financial benefits are given to employees who choose not to make use of their free parking space. The Round Table then proceeded to consider several examples of employee mobility schemes in Europe--pilot project "Sanfte Mobilitäts-Partnershaft"--Company management of staff's travel choices [model establishments: BMLFUW, theFederal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry ... ; UBA GmbH, the Federal Office for the Environment; the AVL List GmbH (research company); Tulln State Hospital; and the Medienhaus Vorarlberg (newspaper publisher)]--and ended by drawing conclusions of interest to local, regional and national authorities aiming to chart a course of action towards achieving the goal of sustainable transport.--Publisher's description.