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Fisheries play an important role in the economy of nations bordering the sea and this is especially true in a populous country like India where a large majority continues to live below the poverty line. Sea fishing has been an occupation with the coastal people of India since time immemorial forming an integral part of the maritime heritage. Machanisation has been introduced into the marine fishing with a view to exploit the fisheries potential all along the Indian coastline of 6,500 km by overcoming the deficiencies of the centuries old traditional fishing technology and to augment fish production with a higher fishing effort and also to raise the income levels and living standards of fishermen. The present book, based on the author’s doctoral dissertation, made a bold and pioneering attempt to evaluate the costs and earnings of mechanised and traditional boats for determining their relative operational efficiency and to examine intensively the effects of mechanisation on employment, income levels, consumption pattern and levels of living of fishermen and their social implications. While analysing the merits of the new fishing technology and also the reactions of different groups of fishermen to mechanisation, he spotlights the shortsightedness in the implementation of the programme of mechanisation resulting in a host of negative effects which have implications and also sets forth the valuable lessons which Indian experiences have to offer to the densely populated littoral nations in the Third World. To ensure enduring benefits to the vast majority of marine fishermen, the thesis underscores, among numerous other remedies the need for the provision of an intermediary technology, the need for the institutional support and marketing network and the need for the management of fisheries resources. It also calls for the policies to bring about socio-economic development of the fishing community on par with the rest of the society. All in all, a genuine contribution to knowledge of `grassroots' situations that will have enduring value and that can be useful in both academic and policy-formation circles.
Cooperatives are found everywhere, doing all kinds of things. They are critical elements in the economies of a large number of countries around the world, large and small. Their affairs are carried out by elected leadership that runs the gamut from the illiterate to the scholarly. Their membership is made up of people of all socio-economic backgrounds. It is those members who, through their support and their needs, determine the successes and failures of cooperatives. But cooperatives as a popular movement will also be judged in other ways. A judgment will be made on the totality of their impact: local, national, and international. People will ask about how they helped ameliorate the economic and social problems of the dispossessed. But they will also inquire about their influence on economic systems, whether these were made more humane, egalitarian, and inclusive in their benefits because of cooperative principles and practices. Their impact on the international order will be judged collectively by how they contributed more than resolutions to peace, to justice, and to human inclusiveness. This volume provides snapshot views of the cooperative movement in all its diversity. The only single source one can consult to find so much information on the different kinds of cooperatives, significant figures, including philosophers, pioneers, officials, and leaders, and the situation in a large number of countries. With a list of acronyms, an extensive chronology, appendixes, and a comprehensive bibliography.