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"High-end electronics technology that was once available only to defense system developers in a few large countries is today available worldwide and can be utilized by both large and small actors for electronic warfare (EW) capabilities. To address this situation, the Defense Science Board performed a year-long investigation of the ability to conduct U.S. military operations in a complex and congested electromagnetic environment. The study examined four operational support capabilities common to most military mission areas -- tactical communications; satellite communications; positioning, navigation and timing (PNT); and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR). Three representative mission areas were also examined -- tactical air combat, fleet defense, and ground warfare. Without exception, the ability to perform required functions and conduct required operations was seriously lacking in all seven areas in all but relatively benign EMS environments ... The study recommends several actions intended to mitigate the most critical deficiencies and vulnerabilities within the seven specific areas investigated. It is likely that looking at a more extensive set of mission and capability areas would have revealed similar issues in each. While addressing the individual deficiencies uncovered is important, the study also uncovered a number of foundational needs and strategies that underpin many areas of EW. Further recommendations treat these more ubiquitous deficiencies in three separate areas: 1) the need to manage use of the electromagnetic spectrum far better and more dynamically than today; 2) the need to adapt to EW-related events, either in terms of mitigating problems or taking advantage of opportunities, far faster than can currently be done; and 3) the need to shift more to offense because responding to every problem defensively will never get ahead of the adversary and is bound to be unaffordable. Lastly, the study found that the U.S. EW governance has largely atrophied since the fall of the Former Soviet Union in the mistaken belief that the threat has gone away or is not as serious as it once was ... The study offers an modest organizational recommendation to revitalize the DoD EW enterprise to meet 21st century needs"--Page 1.
The final report of the 1999 Defense Science Board Summer Study Task Force on 21st Century Defense Technology Strategies, Volume I, is attached. This report consists of two volumes. Volume I presents the major findings and recommendations and Volume II, which is planned to be finalized in December, provides the supporting materials. As the nation moves toward the 21st century, the United States faces a dynamic international environment that will impose new complexities in military operations. The Department of Defense is embarking on a process of transforming the military to stay ahead of future security challenges. Although the United States currently enjoys military superiority, retaining this advantage will require a balance between maintaining relevant legacy forces, facilities, and systems and developing new and different capabilities. This transformation must be accomplished while today's high operational tempo continues. The Department of Defense needs a way to focus the transformation process. Our task force found that developing a full spectrum - air, land, space and sea - joint- rapid response operations capability can be an effective way to focus the activities of the Department. Thus, our task force focused on capabilities, technologies, and organizational changes associated with developing joint and combined rapid response capabilities that can support a range of contingency operations - a major priority for the Department today.
As the nation moves toward the 21st century, the United States faces a dynamic international environment that will impose new complexities in military operations. Today's potential adversaries are more adaptive and have increasing access to asymmetric capabilities to offset U.S. military capabilities. The Department of Defense is embarking on a process of transforming the military to stay ahead of future security challenges. Although the United States currently enjoys military superiority, retaining this advantage will require a balance between maintaining relevant legacy forces, facilities, and systems and developing new and different capabilities. The 1999 Summer Study Task Force was asked to examine 21st century defense technology strategies to meet the national security challenges of the next two decades. Specifically, the Terms of Reference asked the task force to review and consider the broad spectrum of topics addressed in the 1990 DSB summer study; address 21st century intelligence needs and adversaries; expand and build on the recommendations for technologies, operational capabilities, and force characteristics developed in the 1998 DSB summer study; examine the need for and use of all forms of information to achieve full spectrum battlespace dominance; and examine defense technology strategy, management, and acquisition. The task force found that developing a full spectrum joint rapid response operations capability can be an effective way to focus the activities of the DoD. Thus, the task force focused on capabilities, technologies, and organizational changes associated with developing joint and combined rapid response capabilities that can support a range of contingency operations. This study addresses three enablers essential for developing this capability: Strategic Agility, Information for Decision Superiority, and Force Protection. This report consists of two volumes. Volume I presents the major findings, and Volume II provides supporting material7.
In the terms of reference, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics directed the task force "to conduct a comprehensive study of the ends and means of precision compellence, or the nuanced use of force, in concert with coalition partners, to achieve political, economic and moral change in countries affecting US interests." Real-world events have since underscored the need for such a study; indeed, the U.S. military applied key elements of a measured, nuanced approach in both the Afghanistan and Iraq campaigns. We are pleased to note this evolution in operations and a parallel evolution in the thinking of the combatant commands and Services. Because of this evolution, it is no longer as necessary as it once was to sell the fundamental objectives of what we term here the discriminate use of force (DUF). The notion of using military force in discriminate fashion goes back at least to the teachings of Sun Tzu. In the past, however, the military tools available to political and military leaders rarely supported such an approach. As recent events have shown, this situation is changing. New precision and non-lethal weapons and emerging capabilities such as information dominance now enable the discriminate use of force. These emerging capabilities exist within a political context that requires the use of discriminate force. Moreover, destructive power alone is not sufficient to reach many U.S. goals, and it must be properly applied. Efficiency is one motivation. More significant is the need for discriminate use, particularly when multiple strategic and operational objectives are in tension.
Technology has always played a central role in international politics; it shapes the ways states fight during wartime and compete during peacetime. Today, rapid advancements have contributed to a widespread sense that the world is again on the precipice of a new technological era. Emerging technologies have inspired much speculative commentary, but academic scholarship can improve the discussion with disciplined theory-building and rigorous empirics. This book aims to contribute to the debate by exploring the role of technology – both military and non-military – in shaping international security. Specifically, the contributors to this edited volume aim to generate new theoretical insights into the relationship between technology and strategic stability, test them with sound empirical methods, and derive their implications for the coming technological age. This book is very novel in its approach. It covers a wide range of technologies, both old and new, rather than emphasizing a single technology. Furthermore, this volume looks at how new technologies might affect the broader dynamics of the international system rather than limiting the focus to a stability. The contributions to this volume walk readers through the likely effects of emerging technologies at each phase of the conflict process. The chapters begin with competition in peacetime, move to deterrence and coercion, and then explore the dynamics of crises, the outbreak of conflict, and war escalation in an environment of emerging technologies. The chapters in this book, except for the Introduction and the Conclusion, were originally published in the Journal of Strategic Studies.
This report from the Defense Science Board, issued in January 2014 and widely reported in the media, discusses the difficulty of detecting secret nuclear weapons activity and recommends improvements of nuclear monitoring and verification technologies. A relatively straightforward, albeit technically rich, charge was given to this Task Force to assess technologies in support of future arms control and nonproliferation treaties and agreements. The Task Force, however, quickly realized that addressing this charge alone would be of limited value without considering a broader context for nuclear proliferation into the foreseeable future. That realization resulted from a number of factors which included: * Accounts of rogue state actions and their potential cascading effects; * The impact of advancing technologies relevant to nuclear weapons development; * The growing evidence of networks of cooperation among countries that would otherwise have little reason to do so; * The implications of U.S. policy statements to reduce the importance of nuclear weapons in international affairs, accompanied by further reductions in numbers, which are leading some longtime allies and partners to entertain development of their own arsenals; * The wide range of motivations, capabilities, and approaches that each potential proliferator introduces. In such a context, the technical approach for monitoring cannot continue to derive only from treaty and agreement dictates for "point" compliance to the numbers and types formally agreed upon and geographically bounded. Proliferation in this future context is a continuous process for which persistent surveillance tailored to the environment of concern is needed. This leads to the need for a paradigm shift in which the boundaries are blurred between monitoring for compliance and monitoring for proliferation, between cooperative and unilateral measures. Monitoring will need to be continuous, adaptive, and continuously tested for its effectiveness against an array of differing, creative and adaptive proliferators. The Task Force therefore took a step back to create a comprehensive monitoring framework and to propose both improvements to existing tools and capabilities, as well as new approaches and dimensions to traditional monitoring means. Actions are recommended not only for DoD, but also for agencies in the larger national security community, that co-sponsored the study and for which DoD serves both supporting and supported roles.