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How do democracies form and what makes them die? Daniel Ziblatt revisits this timely and classic question in a wide-ranging historical narrative that traces the evolution of modern political democracy in Europe from its modest beginnings in 1830s Britain to Adolf Hitler's 1933 seizure of power in Weimar Germany. Based on rich historical and quantitative evidence, the book offers a major reinterpretation of European history and the question of how stable political democracy is achieved. The barriers to inclusive political rule, Ziblatt finds, were not inevitably overcome by unstoppable tides of socioeconomic change, a simple triumph of a growing middle class, or even by working class collective action. Instead, political democracy's fate surprisingly hinged on how conservative political parties - the historical defenders of power, wealth, and privilege - recast themselves and coped with the rise of their own radical right. With striking modern parallels, the book has vital implications for today's new and old democracies under siege.
The Condition of the Working Class in England is one of the best-known works of Friedrich Engels. Originally written in German as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England, it is a study of the working class in Victorian England. It was also Engels' first book, written during his stay in Manchester from 1842 to 1844. Manchester was then at the very heart of the Industrial Revolution, and Engels compiled his study from his own observations and detailed contemporary reports. Engels argues that the Industrial Revolution made workers worse off. He shows, for example, that in large industrial cities mortality from disease, as well as death-rates for workers were higher than in the countryside. In cities like Manchester and Liverpool mortality from smallpox, measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough was four times as high as in the surrounding countryside, and mortality from convulsions was ten times as high as in the countryside. The overall death-rate in Manchester and Liverpool was significantly higher than the national average (one in 32.72 and one in 31.90 and even one in 29.90, compared with one in 45 or one in 46). An interesting example shows the increase in the overall death-rates in the industrial town of Carlisle where before the introduction of mills (1779–1787), 4,408 out of 10,000 children died before reaching the age of five, and after their introduction the figure rose to 4,738. Before the introduction of mills, 1,006 out of 10,000 adults died before reaching 39 years old, and after their introduction the death rate rose to 1,261 out of 10,000.
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An exploration of the fast food industry in the United States, from its roots to its long-term consequences.
This book explores examples of this process of invention and addresses the complex interaction of past and present in a fascinating study of ritual and symbolism.
A "must" introduction to significant African-American events & people in Massachusetts where so much American history began. The first slaves arrived in Boston in 1638; the first Black gave his life in the Boston Massacre. Entries are dramatic bullet-style cameos set off by more than 100 photographs. Arranged chronologically within a dozen categories--Science, Religion, Government, Creative Arts, among them--the elegantly designed paperback offers instant identification of names & invites follow up research--a catalyst "to find out more." Among the entries: a high school student wins ten dollars in gold for her essay on the "Evils of Intemperance"; a physician fights for the right to deliver babies at the city hospital; Blacks unite in protest against the film BIRTH OF A NATION; a Boston mechanic invents a diving suit & a dentist invents a golf tee. The BOSTON GLOBE calls it a book that explores the "rich heritage & legacy of leaders who lived here but had an impact upon all America--including Frederick Douglass, William DuBois, Phillis Wheatley, Malcolm X, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr." An executive of Bank of Boston, which funded the publication, calls it "a book about dreams." And the dreams came true. Available through Publisher's Sales Office--666 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116, Tele-(617)-536-5400. xt 346.
Elizabeth Blackwell, though born in England, was reared in the United States and was the first woman to receive a medical degree here, obtaining it from the Geneva Medical College, Geneva, New York, in 1849. A pioneer in opening the medical profession to women, she founded hospitals and medical schools for women in both the United States and England. She was a lecturer and writer as well as an able physician and organizer. -- H.W. Orr.