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Preface Chapter 1 Foundation of the Bank of Korea Chapter 2 The Bank of Korea Act Chapter 3 Organization and Functions of the Bank of Korea Chapter 4 Economic Development and the Bank of Korea Chapter 5 The Future Trajectory and Challenges of the Bank of Korea
This Financial System Stability Assessment report on the Republic of Korea highlights that the Korean economy is experiencing a modest recovery, helped by supportive monetary and fiscal policies and buoyant exports. GDP growth is expected to rebound to 2.8 percent in 2013, and strengthen further to 3.7 percent in 2014, in view of the projected global recovery and a gradual pickup in domestic demand. Inflation has fallen to 0.7 percent in October 2013 from 4.2 percent in 2011. With stronger exports and muted domestic demand, the current account surplus has widened and is expected to reach about 5.5 percent of GDP in 2013.
SUMMARY, KEY FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Republic of Korea has a moderate level of compliance with the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (BCP). Building upon the 2003 FSAP recommendations, the authorities have taken resolute steps to strengthen the regulation and supervision of the banking sector. However, the assessment identified gaps that need to be addressed and although the Republic of Korea counts with a strong—albeit overly complex—regulatory framework and with thorough supervisory practices, a number of areas require attention so that the Republic of Korea can meet the highest standards of supervisory effectiveness. Those areas include: broader powers to apply minimum capital requirements to individual banks; full implementation of Pillar 2 and ICAAP; and a more comprehensive approach to conglomerates. The application of Basel II to Financial Holding Companies (FHCs) would complement the transition to group supervision which began through the introduction of the FHC Act. Despite the deficiencies identified in the assessment, the current supervisory structure has been reasonably effective and the overall vulnerability of the Korean banking system has diminished since the 2008 crisis with stronger capitalization across the sector. Supervision of the banks is structured around sound off-site supervision techniques and onsite inspections. Strengths lie in sophisticated offsite monitoring capabilities and an extensive onsite capability. The FSC-FSS collects and analyzes a broad suite of information including detailed financial and management information. The supervisory approach relies heavily on off-site monitoring and notifications of exceptions, which are supplemented by biannual full-scope on-site examinations. The existence of multiple points of responsibility, where subject matter experts are responsible for different areas of surveillance poses challenges of coordination and to derive an overall understanding risk to an institution. The Republic of Korea is one of the first countries to be assessed under the revised Basel Core Principles (BCP) issued by the Basel Committee in September 2012. Like other countries being assessed under the new methodology, the Republic of Korea has agreed to be assessed and rated not only on the essential criteria but also on the additional criteria. It is important to note that since last assessment, conducted in 2003, the bar of the standards has been raised twice by the BCBS (the BCP methodology was revised in 2006 and again in 2012). This assessment, consequently, is not comparable with the previous assessment and, as prescribed by its methodology, should not be compared or across countries. Within the revised BCP methodology, more is expected of supervision and regulation, and much of what was considered “desirable” is now considered essential, with the lessons of crisis and evolution of financial markets and international standards. The assessment also brings a new relevance to observed implementation and practices.
This paper presents key finding of the Financial System Stability Assessment for the Republic of Korea, including Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes on Monetary and Financial Policy Transparency, Banking Supervision, Securities Regulation, Insurance Regulation, Corporate Governance, and Payment Systems. Korea has achieved a high degree of observance of key standards and codes through newly revised laws and competent supervision. However, supervisory independence could be strengthened to improve the ability to provide authoritative guidance and interpretation. Reform of the banking sector has restored profitability and improved its strength and resilience.
This paper presents Financial System Stability Assessment (FSSA) with the Republic of Korea. The Korean authorities have continued their efforts at upgrading the prudential, legal, and supervisory framework for the financial sector, and keeping up with international standards and practices in other G20 jurisdictions. The authorities have been strengthening the system with micro and macroprudential measures against vulnerabilities, strengthening the crisis management framework, and upgrading the prudential and legal framework. The FSSA suggests moving toward a more forward-looking monitoring and systemic risk identification mechanism. The reliability of various stress tests could be augmented with advanced methods, system-wide monitoring, and testing the overall leverage related to residential properties, households’ resilience to adverse shocks, and sovereign contingent liabilities. Stronger focus is required on systemic risks emanating from securities market activities that can amplify contagion, including sudden redemption and liquidity pressures in the funds and asset management industry.
World Bank Discussion Paper No. 292. Examines the anatomy of the Republic of Korea's financial reform policy since 1979 in order to place the nation's financial reform plan of 1993 in a proper context. Financial deregulation in the Republic of Korea, initiated in 1979, coincided with similar programs in South America and East Asia. The reforms were successful in spite of a mild form of financial repression and a deregulation policy that ran an erratic course. The republic moved decisively in 1993 toward a conventional type of financial liberalization by announcing a blueprint of reforms to be implemented over a five-year period ending in 1997. This paper examines the anatomy of the Korean financial reform policy since 1979 in order to place its financial reform plan of 1993 in the proper context. The report presents a conceptual framework of the Korean financial system and policies, examines interest rate reforms on various levels, and discusses changes in the credit allocation system that were undertaken in earlier phases of the reforms. The book goes on to review the rationale of the final financial reform phase, the sequencing of its various elements, and the assessment. Broad conclusions are presented.
This paper discusses key findings of the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes for the Republic of Korea. Responsibilities, objectives, and powers related to banking supervision are clearly defined in the Republic of Korea. The legal framework currently in place reasonably provides the necessary powers to authorize the establishment of banks, conduct ongoing supervision, address compliance with laws and regulations, as well as undertake corrective actions to address safety and soundness concerns. Authorization processes are generally thorough but there is room to require formal approval for certain activities.