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In 2008/09, the first year of operation, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) met its objective of driving a market for biofuels in the UK. 2.7% of the UK's total road transport fuel supply was biofuel which was slightly over the Government's target of 2.5% and is more than twice the supply of biofuel in 2007/08/. No obligated suppliers pad to 'buy-out' of their obligations. The performance of suppliers in sourcing sustainable fuels was polarised. Whilst several companies met all three of the Government sourcing targets with fully verified data a number also performed poorly. Overall a significant improvement will be required to meet the challenges of the forthcoming EU Renewable Energy Directive. In 2008/09 there was also a 46% carbon saving against the Government target of 40%. The biofuels market has not as yet had a large impact on agriculture in the UK and although an effective driver of the market for biofuel, the RTFO did not, during 2008/09, drive increases in the biofuel production capacity in the UK.
This is the second year of operation of the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation and this report outlines the progress that is being made in encouraging the use of sustainable biofuels in the UK. It provides statistical evidence on an evolving market and highlights good practice as well as those areas where more work is needed. There is potential for biofuels to play a useful role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions without causing substanial environmental damage. However this is unlikely to be achieved without careful planning and regulation.
Since the 1990s many of the assumptions that anchored the study of governance in international political economy (IPE) have been shaken loose. Reflecting on the intriguing and important processes of change that have occurred, and are occurring, Profess
Biofuels can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from road transport-but most first generation biofuels have a detrimental impact on the environment overall. In addition, most biofuels are often not an effective use of bioenergy resources, in terms either of cutting greenhouse gas emissions or value-for-money. The Government must ensure that its biofuels policy balances greenhouse gas emission cuts with wider environmental impacts, so that biofuels are only used where they contribute to sustainable emissions reductions. The Government and EU's neglect of biomass and other more effective policies to reduce emissions in favour of biofuels is misguided. The current policy and support framework must be changed to ensure that sustainable bioenergy resources maximise their potential to generate energy for the lowest possible greenhouse gas emissions. In general biofuels produced from conventional crops should no longer receive support from the Government. Instead the Government should concentrate on the development of more efficient biofuel technologies that might have a sustainable role in the future. The Government should seek to ensure that EU policy changes to reflect the concerns raised in this report. This means implementing a moratorium on current targets until technology improves, robust mechanisms to prevent damaging land use change are developed, and international sustainability standards are agreed. Only then might biofuels have a role to play. In the meantime, other more effective ways of cutting emissions from road transport should be pursued. It will take considerable courage for the Government and EU to admit that the current policy arrangements for biofuels are inappropriate. The policy realignments that are required will be a test of the Government's commitment to moving the UK towards a sustainable low carbon economy.
Governments, big business and communities are coming under increased pressure to develop low carbon energy supply technologies. However, public opposition to the development of the siting and implementation of the technology associated infrastructure often complicates progress. This is sometimes labelled the 'not in my backyard' or NIMBY attitude - an unhelpful tag as conflicts over new development between governments, local authorities, business and communities are generally far more complex than NIMBY theory implies. Furthermore, within the context of the climate change debate a delicate balance has to be reached between local environmental protection and our need for reliable low carbon energy. This comprehensive book builds on over 10 years of research conducted by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and uses a range of case studies from carbon capture and storage to on-shore wind farms to explore the complex nature of disputes between a wide variety of stakeholder groups. Topics covered include the importance of context, the relationship between risk and trust, sense of place and the role of the media. An invaluable resource for researchers and readers in local or national government, industry or community groups who wish to deepen their understanding of controversy around low carbon technology and how to overcome it.
Since 2008, foreign land acquisitions have attracted international attention under the term »land grabbing.« Illustrated by rich and nuanced empirical accounts of forty Chinese and British investment projects in Sub-Saharan Africa, Ariane Goetz explains the phenomenon of »land grabbing« from the perspective of two investor countries. She reflects on Chinese and British public policy, state-society relations, national developmental contexts, ideologies, and international relations and thereby gives insights into the political economies that enable these investments as well as the development ambitions and institutionalized paradigms of which they form a part.
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