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Short-pulse multicolor laser ranging systems are currently being developed for satellite ranging applications. These systems use Q-switched pulsed lasers and streak-tube cameras to provide timing accuracies approaching a few picoseconds. Satellite laser ranging systems have been used to evaluate many important geophysical phenomena such as fault motion, polar motion and solid earth tides, by measuring the orbital perturbations of retroreflector equipped satellites. Some existing operational systems provide range resolution approaching a few millimeters. There is currently considerable interest in adapting these highly accurate systems for use as airborne and satellite based altimeters. Potential applications include the measurement of sea state, ground topography and atmospheric pressure. This paper reviews recent progress in the development of multicolor laser altimeters for use in monitoring sea state and atmospheric pressure. (Author).
A pilot model of a small size, mass, power, and cost, GaAs laser radar altimeter has been developed and tested for use over the ocean. Two versions have been developed, one for triggering a device at a predetermined altitude, and one for providing an altitude 'read out' as an analog dc voltage. Field tests from a bridge over an inland reservoir indicate performance with negligible false-alarm rate up to an altitude of 400 meters over the ocean, under all sea-state conditions, from glassy calm to the 'worst-case' rough sea state condition, and with the sun vertically overhead. A new remote sensing technique was developed to evaluate the roughness state of the water during field tests and to predict the mean laser return signal. This utilizes video imaging of the glitter pattern on the water from a bright point source light at night, or from the sun in the daytime. Tests of the altimeter over the ocean surface at sea are still needed, because extrapolation from ripples on the inland reservoir to full scale ocean waves is not fully understood. (rh).
This book considers the formation of the signal reflected from the sea surface when sensing in the radio and optical range. Currently, remote sensing from space is the main source of information about the processes taking place in the atmosphere and ocean. The correct interpretation of remote sensing data requires detailed information about the rough surface that forms the reflected signal. The first three chapters describe the statistical and spatial-temporal characteristics of the sea surface, focusing on the effects associated with the nonlinearity of sea surface waves. The analysis makes extensive use of data obtained by the authors on a stationary oceanographic platform located on the Black sea. In the next seven chapters, the authors analyze how the nonlinearity of waves affects the formation of a signal reflected from the sea surface.This book is geared for advanced level research in the general subject area of remote sensing and modeling as they apply to the coastal marine environment. It is of value to scientists and engineers involved in the development of methods and instruments of remote sensing, analysis and interpretation of data. It is useful for students who have decided to devote themselves to the study of the oceans.
Covering significant new advances in satellite oceanography, this new edition introduces remote sensing for graduate and advanced undergraduate students.
Oceanographic Applications of Remote Sensing describes how remotely sensed data fields can be applied to help solve problems in ocean-related studies. This timely reference, written by and for oceanographers, emphasizes the application of data to particular physical, chemical, and biological processes related to the ocean and the ocean-atmosphere system. The organization of the book reflects this emphasis, with chapters arranged by process rather than by sensor characteristics. Oceanographic Applications of Remote Sensing contains comprehensive information on the application of such relevant data sets as sea surface temperature and topography, ocean circulation, sea level variability, wind speed and stress, wave height, solar radiation flux at ocean surfaces, and sea-ice characteristics and ice motion. It also discusses the reliability of remotely sensed data and provides information about the applicability of the various data sets to particular process studies. Its completeness and relevance makes Oceanographic Applications of Remote Sensing an important reference for modern studies of ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere processes. Its unique coverage of the physics that govern satellite processes and their applications to oceanography ensures that it will remain an important reference as new satellites are introduced.