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Graduated from the Naval Academy in 1938 after playing a valuable role in the establishment of the academy's ocean sailing program. Initial commissioned service was on board the heavy cruiser Chicago (CA-29) and the destroyer Rhind (DD-404), including combat duty in the Atlantic. After Submarine School, was executive officer of the submarine Barb (SS-220) under skipper Gene Fluckey. Following postgraduate work in ordnance engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, served 1947-49 in the large aircraft carrier Midway (CVB-41) and 1949-52 at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory at White Oak, Maryland. In the 1950's commanded the escort destroyer Taylor (DDE-468), served in the Bureau of Ordnance, and was a student at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Later commanded Destroyer Division 322, the Atlantic Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Tactical School, and Destroyer Squadron 25. At the Naval Academy in 1962-64 had a large role in revising the curriculum and hiring the first academic dean. Flag officer duties in the 1960's included being U.S. representative on the staff of Commander in Chief Allied Forces Mediterranean, Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla Four, and superintendent of the Naval Postgraduate School. In 1971-72 McNitt served as Assistant Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Manpower and Training) and from 1972 to 1985 was the civilian dean of admissions at the Naval Academy.
Among early tours, Wertheim served as engineering, communications, and CIC officer in the USS Hyman (DD-732) when she was involved in American occupation forces in Japan, and in the USS Bordelon (DD-881) in operations with Task Force 77 in Far East. In 1964 he received an MS in science from MIT. He was military assistant for strategic weapons in the Department of Defense and then became Technical Director, Strategic Systems Project Office--responsible for the development of Polaris, Poseidon, and Trident missile systems. Discussions in his memoir include: work at China Lake on the Chaparral system; work with the atomic bomb assembly team; the leadership of Polaris pioneer Vice Admiral William F. Raborn Jr.; and development of the Navy's strategic weapons systems.
Admiral Knoll's strength was as a staff officer. The list of individuals on whose staffs he served: Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Admiral Ernest J. King, Ambassador Averell Harriman, Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner, Rear Admiral Walter F. Boone, Vice Admiral Arthur D. Struble, Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, Vice Admiral Alfred M. Pride, Vice Admiral Stuart H. Ingersoll, Vice Admiral Wallace M. Beakley, Vice Admiral Glynn R. Donaho, and Admiral Robert L. Dennison. Knoll graduated from the Naval Academy in 1930. He served 1930-32 in the battleship Texas (BB-35), sandwiched around unsuccessful flight training at Pensacola in 1931. In 1932-34 he served on board the destroyers Southard (DD-207) and Preble (DD-345). After participating in a Navy geographical survey of the Aleutian Islands in 1934, he served in the battleship Oklahoma (BB-37), 1934-36, then took a three-month course in chemical warfare at Edgewood Arsenal in 1936. He was a student at the Navy's Postgraduate School, 1936-38, then received a master's degree in aerology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. In 1939-40 Knoll served with Patrol Wing Five. He had an extended period on the staff of Commander in Chief Asiatic Fleet, 1940-42, and was evacuated from Corregidor just before it fell to the Japanese in May 1942. He was stationed in Washington, 1942-44 on the CominCh staff, officer in charge of the weather central, and assistant secretary, Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1944-45 was on the staff of the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union to facilitate implementation of Lend-Lease and agreements at the Tehran Conference. In 1946 Knoll was part of the U.S. military delegation to organizing meetings for the United Nations. He commanded the oiler Severn (AO-61), 1946-47, before service in the strategic planning section of OpNav, 1948-52. He commanded the attack transport Menard (APA-201) in 1952 before returning to service in the strategic planning section of OpNav. In 1955 Knoll was commanding officer of the light cruiser Roanoke (CL-145) and from 1955 to 1957 was chief of staff to Commander Seventh Fleet. From 1957 to 1959 he served in the OpNav fleet maintenance division and as chairman of the Ship Characteristics Board. In 1959-60 he was Commander Destroyer Flotilla Four. In 1960-61 was director of the OpNav Technical Studies Group before duty in 1961-63 as Commander Service Force Atlantic Fleet, part of it during the Cuban Missile Crisis. From 1963 to 1965 Knoll was Oceanographer of the Navy, and his final active duty, from 1965 to 1967, was as Deputy Commander of the Military Sea Transportation Service. Post-retirement activities included employment by Litton Industries.
Since 1845, the United States Naval Academy has prepared professional military leaders at its Annapolis, Maryland, campus. Although it remains steeped in a culture of tradition and discipline, the Academy is not impervious to change. Dispelling the myth that the Academy is a bastion of tradition unmarked by progress, H. Michael Gelfand examines challenges to the Naval Academy's culture from both inside and outside the Academy's walls between 1949 and 2000, an era of dramatic social change in American history. Drawing on more than two hundred oral histories, extensive archival research, and his own participatory observation at the Academy, Gelfand demonstrates that events at Annapolis reflect the transformation of American culture and society at large in the Cold War and post-Cold War periods. In eight chapters, he discusses recruiting and minority midshipmen, the end of mandatory attendance at religious services, women's experiences as they sought and achieved admission and later served as midshipmen, and the responses of multiple generations of midshipmen to societal changes, particularly during the Vietnam War era. This cultural history not only sheds light on events at the Naval Academy but also offers a novel perspective on democratic ideals in the United States.