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The admiral's career is a distinguished one in the field of naval ordnance. After study in the Postgraduate School at Annapolis, he took a graduate degree at MIT. Along with Admiral Rivero he was one of the Navy's first officers to be involved with radar in the early months of World War II. His ultimate assignment in ordnance came as Deputy CNO for Development where he was responsible for coordinating and managing the entire program of the Navy for research, development, test and evaluation. Notable mileposts in this career were three years on the Ship Characteristics Board and three years as Ordnance Officer at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren where he developed a new agenda of operations.
Admiral Adair graduated from the Naval Academy in the class of 1926. Following assignments on board the USS Mississippi (BB-41), USS Toucey (DD-282), USS Blakeley (DD-150), and USS Patoka (AO-9), he studied communications at the Naval Postgraduate School. From 1935 to 1938 he served as radio officer on the staffs of Destroyer Squadrons Six and 14. After a staff assignment at the Naval Academy, he reported as flag lieutenant to Admiral Thomas Hart, Commander in Chief Asiatic Fleet, and was in that job when World War II broke out. He moved to Corregidor and then escaped to the Dutch East Indies as senior man on board the schooner Lanikai, sailing by night and hiding by day. From 1943 to 1945 he took part in the planning and execution of every major amphibious operation in the Southwest Pacific Area while serving on the staff of Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey, Commander Seventh Amphibious Force. After duty in OpNav and BuPers, he commanded attack cargo ship Marquette, served on the CinCPacFlt staff, and then in the office of the Comptroller of the Navy, William Franke. He retired in 1956.
Admiral Knoll's strength was as a staff officer. The list of individuals on whose staffs he served: Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Admiral Ernest J. King, Ambassador Averell Harriman, Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner, Rear Admiral Walter F. Boone, Vice Admiral Arthur D. Struble, Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, Vice Admiral Alfred M. Pride, Vice Admiral Stuart H. Ingersoll, Vice Admiral Wallace M. Beakley, Vice Admiral Glynn R. Donaho, and Admiral Robert L. Dennison. Knoll graduated from the Naval Academy in 1930. He served 1930-32 in the battleship Texas (BB-35), sandwiched around unsuccessful flight training at Pensacola in 1931. In 1932-34 he served on board the destroyers Southard (DD-207) and Preble (DD-345). After participating in a Navy geographical survey of the Aleutian Islands in 1934, he served in the battleship Oklahoma (BB-37), 1934-36, then took a three-month course in chemical warfare at Edgewood Arsenal in 1936. He was a student at the Navy's Postgraduate School, 1936-38, then received a master's degree in aerology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. In 1939-40 Knoll served with Patrol Wing Five. He had an extended period on the staff of Commander in Chief Asiatic Fleet, 1940-42, and was evacuated from Corregidor just before it fell to the Japanese in May 1942. He was stationed in Washington, 1942-44 on the CominCh staff, officer in charge of the weather central, and assistant secretary, Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1944-45 was on the staff of the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union to facilitate implementation of Lend-Lease and agreements at the Tehran Conference. In 1946 Knoll was part of the U.S. military delegation to organizing meetings for the United Nations. He commanded the oiler Severn (AO-61), 1946-47, before service in the strategic planning section of OpNav, 1948-52. He commanded the attack transport Menard (APA-201) in 1952 before returning to service in the strategic planning section of OpNav. In 1955 Knoll was commanding officer of the light cruiser Roanoke (CL-145) and from 1955 to 1957 was chief of staff to Commander Seventh Fleet. From 1957 to 1959 he served in the OpNav fleet maintenance division and as chairman of the Ship Characteristics Board. In 1959-60 he was Commander Destroyer Flotilla Four. In 1960-61 was director of the OpNav Technical Studies Group before duty in 1961-63 as Commander Service Force Atlantic Fleet, part of it during the Cuban Missile Crisis. From 1963 to 1965 Knoll was Oceanographer of the Navy, and his final active duty, from 1965 to 1967, was as Deputy Commander of the Military Sea Transportation Service. Post-retirement activities included employment by Litton Industries.
After 1924 graduation from the Naval Academy, Admiral Layton had shipboard duty before reporting to Tokyo for study of the Japanese language. In 1932 was assistant naval attaché in Peiping, China, then reported to Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington. He later served as Pacific Fleet Intelligence officer on several occasions, most notably throughout World War II; he helped predict the planned Japanese attack on Midway. He was director of the U.S. Naval Intelligence School; intelligence officer for Commander Naval Forces Far East during the initial stages of the Korean War; and Deputy Director of Intelligence, JCS. He provides candid reports of intelligence gathering before and after the Pearl Harbor attack and discusses the subsequent investigations about the surprise attack.
Admiral Veth's naval career, almost from the outset, has been concentrated on mine warfare. After being graduated from the Naval Academy in 1935 and tours in the battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) and light cruiser USS Phoenix (CL-46), he transferred to the minelayer USS Ramsay (DM-16), serving as mining officer. In 1941-1942, he served as assistant naval attaché in London. There he learned of the great British advances in mine warfare and reported them to U.S. authorities. Other events he relates were when he served on the staff of Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, RN, in Southeast Asia (1943-1945); when he concentrated on mine warfare in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (1945-1947); and again in 1967-1968 when he served as Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Vietnam. The appendices contain a number of his reports on aircraft minelaying and mining operations.
Following boyhood in Missouri, Shelton entered the Navy in 1939 as an enlisted man. He served in the battleships USS New Mexico (BB-40) and USS California (BB-44) before attending prep school and then the Naval Academy, from which he graduated in 1944. He had wartime duty in the light cruiser USS St. Louis (CL-49) before completing flight training. He was among the Navy's pioneers in night fighter operations and later served as a test pilot. Squadrons over the years included VF-1E, VCN-1, VC-3, and VC-124. He commanded Fighter Squadron 92 and Carrier Air Wing 17; the latter was in the USS Ranger (CVA-61). He had a role in the introduction of the F7U Cutlass into the fleet. His ship commands during the Vietnam War were the ammunition ship USS Paricutin (AE-18) and the amphibious assault ship USS Tripoli (LPH-10). He attended the Naval War College and had several tours of duty on the OpNav staff. Included in the latter was work in the Politico-Military Policy Division, particularly in connection with Pan-American affairs. In 1973-75 he commanded U.S. Naval Forces Philippines and later served as director for plans (J-5) on the CinCPac staff before retiring in 1979. His tour in the Philippines was noteworthy because of the hosting of South Vietnamese refugees at Subic Bay after their country was overrun in the spring of 1975.
Coming from a rural background in South Carolina, Lee enlisted in the Navy in 1940 and became an aviation mechanic before entering pre-flight training. He became a naval aviator in 1943 and the following year joined the carrier Essex (CV-9), from which he flew first as a bomber pilot, then in an F6F fighter. In the postwar period, he returned to the attack role, flying SB2Cs and ADs. He completed his college education in the late 1940s, then served two combat tours in the Korean War. After postgraduate education in nuclear weapons effects, he had a tour in experimental squadron VX-3, then taught senior officers about nuclear weapons. He commanded VA-46, an A4D squadron, was on the staff of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff in Omaha, and was air group commander in the USS Enterprise (CVAN-65). He was selected for the Navy's nuclear power program by Admiral Hyman Rickover and underwent training. He commanded the amphibious warfare ship Alamo (LSD-33) just as the United States was getting involved in the Vietnam War. In the mid-1960s Lee served in the Pentagon as executive assistant to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research and Development). From 1967 to 1969 he was commanding officer of the nuclear-powered carrier Enterprise (CVAN-65). A considerable part of this volume is devoted to his command of that ship, including two fatiguing combat tours off Vietnam, the Pueblo (AGER-2) crisis, the demands of Admiral Rickover, and a visit from President Lyndon Johnson. Afterward he served as head of the Office of Program Appraisal for Secretary of the Navy John Chafee. As a three-star admiral, Lee was the top-ranking naval officer at the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. The bulk of Lee's time as a flag officer was spent in the Naval Air Systems Command, first as assistant commander for maintenance and fleet support, finally as overall commander. In the latter job, as he explains, he had an instrumental role in the development of the F/A-18 Hornet. He retired in 1976. Lee's openness and candor throughout his oral history make it a particularly valuable one.