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Designated a naval aviator in 1936, the admiral served in the Langley, Lexington, and Enterprise. During World War II he was with Fleet Air Wing Ten in the southwest Pacific and was shot down in a PBY in 1942, receiving the Purple Heart. In 1944 he commanded Bombing Squadron 132 operating in Cuba and Africa.
Designated a naval aviator in 1936, the admiral served in the USS Langley (CV-1), USS Lexington (CV-2) and USS Enterprise (CV-6). During World War II he was with Fleet Air Wing Ten in the southwest Pacific and was shot down in a PBY in 1942, receiving the Purple Heart. In 1944 he commanded Bombing Squadron 132 operating in Cuba and Africa, then gunnery and tactical officer on the staff of Commander Air Force Atlantic. Subsequent duty included: XO Naval Aviation Ordnance Test Station; Ops officer of the Midway; Staff of Commander Air Force Atlantic; Aide to Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Air); CO of the Salisbury Sound; Assistant CNO (War Gaming Matters) in 1958; Commander Carrier Division Six; and CinC Pacific Fleet. In Volume II the admiral continues discussion of his career and world events beginning in 1965 and including: Dominican Republic Crisis; tours as CinCLant and SACLant; NATO conferences. Became CNO in 1967--covers: selection board; personnel policies; Pueblo incident; Tonkin Gulf; missile types; Vietnam War; POWs; drug problems; Cambodia cross-border operations; Operation Deep Freeze; women in the Navy; and threat of submarine base in Cuba. Became chairman of the JCS in 1970--discusses characteristics of a chairman; decisions made; increased unity of JCS during Vietnam War. This third and concluding volume of Admiral Moorer's oral history covers his years as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1970-1974) and his post- retirement activities. The Vietnam War figures prominently, and several large-scale military operations are covered in detail, as well as discussion of joint service relationships during the war, North Vietnamese treachery, Vietnamization, and the My Lai incident. Moorer discusses at length how the military was hampered by anti-war sentiment from the news media and Congress. Other issues covered in this volume are overseas base denial, the concept of a naval-free Indian Ocean, the Panama Canal Treaty, and Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) under Presidents Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Carter. Several of the interviews are devoted to Moorer's assessments of key political and military figures--McNamara, Kissinger, Laird, Nitze, Vinson, Rickover, Zumwalt, and Westmoreland, among others. He discusses "ethnicity", the tendency of some Congressmen to show favoritism to the countries of their origins and not take into account what is best for the United States, especially in regard to India, Israel, and Greece. Because this series of interviews was spread out over four years, current world events caused some attitudes to change: in the first interview in 1977 Moorer saw Iran under the Shah as one of the most stable and friendly of the Middle East countries; by 1981 when the volume concludes, that country was one of our most distrusted and hated enemies.
In the first volume of Admiral Benson's oral history, he recalls his early years with his Swedish family in New Hampshire, and his days at the Naval Academy, where athletics were not of as much interest as music. Following graduation in 1929, he served first in the battleship New York (BB-34), and then on the destroyer Smith Thompson (DD-212) on the Asiatic Station. Benson gives a real feel for the flavor of China in the mid-1930s, and it is here that he has his first experience with what is to become his specialty--submarines. He attends submarine school and has various duties before joining the Nautilus (SS-168), in which he served during that submarine's presence at the Battle of Midway. Later, as commanding officer of the USS Trigger (SS-237) his ship was credited with sinking almost 30,000 tons of Japanese shipping. Some key subjects discussed by Admiral Benson include the sinking of the Cochino (SS-345) while on an interesting mission in 1949, magnetic exploders, the use of submarines in antisubmarine warfare, and submarine tactics and safety measures. The last assignment discussed is Benson's duty in the unpopular billet of Director of Public Information for the Navy at the beginning of the Korean War. He provides anecdotes about many famous officers he came into contact with, including Forrest Sherman, Page Smith, George Marshall, William Fechteler, and Hyman Rickover. Admiral Benson begins the concluding volume of his memoir by describing his service in command of the attack transport Bayfield (APA-53) in 1953-1954, followed by command of Amphibious Squadron Six. At the time, duty in the amphibious forces was not considered particularly career-enhancing for naval officers, but it proved to be so in the case of Benson, because he was subsequently selected for flag rank during the course of a tour of duty in charge of Navy recruiting at the Bureau of Naval Personnel. As a rear admiral, he was a cruiser division commander in the Pacific and then Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of the Navy's Military Sea Transportation Service. His telling of that period provides a useful description of the interplay between the Navy and the U.S. merchant marine. One of the admiral's most enjoyable tours was as Commander Submarine Force Pacific Fleet from 1960 to 1962, at a time when nuclear submarines were still a novelty in that ocean. Then followed a five-year tour on the OpNav staff as Assistant Vice Chief of Naval Operations/Director of Naval Administration. This is unusual oral history material because of the considerable detail provided on the routine aspects of naval administrative matters. In many cases, oral histories concentrate on high-level decision-making, but the reality is that the paperwork must still be accomplished, and Admiral Benson provides rare insight into that aspect. The volume concludes with his description of service as Commandant First Naval District prior to his retirement from active duty in 1969.
In the first volume of Admiral Benson's oral history, he recalls his early years with his Swedish family in New Hampshire, and his days at the Naval Academy, where athletics were not of as much interest as music. Following graduation in 1929, he served first in the battleship New York (BB-34), and then on the destroyer Smith Thompson (DD-212) on the Asiatic Station. Benson gives a real feel for the flavor of China in the mid-1930s, and it is here that he has his first experience with what is to become his specialty--submarines. He attends submarine school and has various duties before joining the Nautilus (SS-168), in which he served during that submarine's presence at the Battle of Midway. Later, as commanding officer of the USS Trigger (SS-237) his ship was credited with sinking almost 30,000 tons of Japanese shipping. Some key subjects discussed by Admiral Benson include the sinking of the Cochino (SS-345) while on an interesting mission in 1949, magnetic exploders, the use of submarines in antisubmarine warfare, and submarine tactics and safety measures. The last assignment discussed is Benson's duty in the unpopular billet of Director of Public Information for the Navy at the beginning of the Korean War. He provides anecdotes about many famous officers he came into contact with, including Forrest Sherman, Page Smith, George Marshall, William Fechteler, and Hyman Rickover. Admiral Benson begins the concluding volume of his memoir by describing his service in command of the attack transport Bayfield (APA-53) in 1953-1954, followed by command of Amphibious Squadron Six. At the time, duty in the amphibious forces was not considered particularly career-enhancing for naval officers, but it proved to be so in the case of Benson, because he was subsequently selected for flag rank during the course of a tour of duty in charge of Navy recruiting at the Bureau of Naval Personnel. As a rear admiral, he was a cruiser division commander in the Pacific and then Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of the Navy's Military Sea Transportation Service. His telling of that period provides a useful description of the interplay between the Navy and the U.S. merchant marine. One of the admiral's most enjoyable tours was as Commander Submarine Force Pacific Fleet from 1960 to 1962, at a time when nuclear submarines were still a novelty in that ocean. Then followed a five-year tour on the OpNav staff as Assistant Vice Chief of Naval Operations/Director of Naval Administration. This is unusual oral history material because of the considerable detail provided on the routine aspects of naval administrative matters. In many cases, oral histories concentrate on high-level decision-making, but the reality is that the paperwork must still be accomplished, and Admiral Benson provides rare insight into that aspect. The volume concludes with his description of service as Commandant First Naval District prior to his retirement from active duty in 1969.
As Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Hayward was noted for his role in formulating U.S. maritime strategy and for drastically reducing the amount of illegal drug use on the part of Navy officers and enlisted personnel. He entered the service in World War II through the V-5 Naval Aviation Cadet Program, then transferred to the Naval Academy, from which he graduated in 1947. He served 1947-48 as a junior officer in the aircraft carrier USS Antietam (CV-36) and underwent flight training from 1948 to 1950. From 1950 to 1953 he flew in Fighter Squadron 51 (VF-51), including Korean War service. From 1954 to 1956 attended Test Pilot School and flew as a test pilot. He attended Aviation Safety Officers School at the University of Southern California in 1956, then served 1956-58 in All-Weather Fighter Squadron Three (VFAW-3). He was a student at the Naval War College, 1958-59 and in the late 1950s had a tryout as a potential astronaut. He was executive officer of Fighter Squadron 211 (VF-211), 1959-61, and served 1961-63 as administrative aide to the Secretaries of the Navy, John Connally and Fred Korth. In 1963-65 he was executive officer, and later commanding officer, of Fighter Squadron 103 (VF-103). He served 1965-66 as Commander Carrier Air Wing Ten, (CVW-10) during Vietnam War service. In 1966-67 he was a student at the National War College. He commanded the fleet stores ship USS Graffias (AF-29) in 1967-68 and served 1968-69 as executive assistant to the Under Secretary of the Navy. Captain Hayward commanded the attack aircraft carrier USS America (CVA-66), 1969-70. In his first flag billet, he served 1970-71 as Commandant of the Fourteenth Naval District in Hawaii. From 1971 to 1973 he was Director of the Office of Program Appraisal for the Secretary of the Navy. During that time, in 1972, he was involved in U.S.-Soviet negotiations that led to the Incidents at Sea agreement. In 1973-75 he was the Navy's Director of Program Planning, then served as Commander Seventh Fleet in 1975-76. From 1976 to 1978 was Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet, then capped his career by serving as Chief of Naval Operations, 1978-82.
The first volume covers career up to assignment as CinCPac in 1958. Served five years in battleships and destroyers. In 1929 was designated naval aviator and served with Scouting Squadron Three in the Lexington. Was nearby when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Transferred to the Saratoga and as air group commander participated in first offensive action of the war at Guadalcanal. After a year in Moscow as a member of the U.S. Military Mission to the Soviet Union, returned to the Pacific in command of the escort aircraft carrier USS Chenango (CVE-28) and participated in the Okinawa campaign and occupation of Japan. After war served on CNO's staff; commanded the Franklin D. Rooseve
Hyland was designated a naval aviator three years after his graduation with the Naval Academy class of 1934. He was with Patrol Squadron 102 at the outbreak of World War II, and participated in the defense of the Philippines, engagements in the Netherlands East Indies, and in the final retreat to Australia. From 1942-44 he was the assistant operations officer at the Naval Air Station, Anacostia, D.C., and in this position served as the private pilot to CNO Admiral Ernest J. King. He finished out the war as Commander Air Group Ten. He had two tours at the Naval Air Test Center Patuxent River, first as assistant director of flight test (1946-49), then as director of the tactical test division (1951-53). During a 1948 flight demonstration before a crowd of dignitaries, his plane collided with an osprey and he was forced to bail out. He commanded the attack aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CVA-60) in 1958-59 and Carrier Division Four in 1962-63. In this concluding volume Hyland recalls his tours as Commander Seventh Fleet from 1965-67 and Commander in Chief U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1967-70, both during the peak intensity of the Vietnam War. Among many topics covered are the Market Time Operation, conduct of the air war in North Vietnam, control of the war from Washington, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt and his Z-grams, Admiral Hyman Rickover, and Secretary of the Navy John Chafee. Of special interest is his involvement in the 1968 Pueblo incident. A letter he wrote to the Secretary of the Navy endorsing the outcome of the court of inquiry into the capture of this ship is included as an appendix.
Hyland was designated a naval aviator three years after his graduation with the Naval Academy class of 1934. He was with Patrol Squadron 102 at the outbreak of World War II, and participated in the defense of the Philippines, engagements in the Netherlands East Indies, and in the final retreat to Australia. From 1942-44 he was the assistant operations officer at the Naval Air Station, Anacostia, D.C., and in this position served as the private pilot to CNO Admiral Ernest J. King. He finished out the war as Commander Air Group Ten. He had two tours at the Naval Air Test Center Patuxent River, first as assistant director of flight test (1946-49), then as director of the tactical test division (1951-53). During a 1948 flight demonstration before a crowd of dignitaries, his plane collided with an osprey and he was forced to bail out. He commanded the attack aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CVA-60) in 1958-59 and Carrier Division Four in 1962-63. In this concluding volume Hyland recalls his tours as Commander Seventh Fleet from 1965-67 and Commander in Chief U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1967-70, both during the peak intensity of the Vietnam War. Among many topics covered are the Market Time Operation, conduct of the air war in North Vietnam, control of the war from Washington, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt and his Z-grams, Admiral Hyman Rickover, and Secretary of the Navy John Chafee. Of special interest is his involvement in the 1968 Pueblo incident. A letter he wrote to the Secretary of the Navy endorsing the outcome of the court of inquiry into the capture of this ship is included as an appendix.
This is the longest oral history, in terms of number of interviews and number of words, ever conducted by the Naval Institute. Between the two volumes, the transcript comprises nearly 600,000 words of text. The first volume begins with a discussion of the Mustin family background. The admiral's father, Captain Henry C. Mustin, was a pioneer in U.S. naval aviation. Lloyd Mustin graduated from the Naval Academy in the class of 1932 and embarked on a career that was rich in surface warfare experience. He served from 1932 to 1936 in the crew of the heavy cruiser Augusta (CA-31); one of the skippers during that time was Captain Chester Nimitz. Mustin served from 1936 to 1938 in the destroyer Lamson (DD-367), then was a postgraduate student in ordnance and fire control, 1938-40. In 1940-41 he was at the Dahlgren Proving Ground and the Naval Gun Factory in ordnance development. As the nation embarked in World War II, Mustin was in the crew of the light cruiser USS Atlanta (CL-51) in 1941-42, during her entire commissioned service. He describes his experiences in the night surface battle off Guadalcanal in November 1942 that resulted in the sinking of the cruiser. After that, 1942-43, he served on the staff of Commander Naval Bases, Solomon Islands. Returning to sea duty, he served in early 1943 in the light cruiser USS San Diego (CL-53). In 1943-44 he was gunnery officer in the commissioning crew of the light cruiser USS Miami (CL-89) and was on board during combat operations in the Pacific. This volume begins in late 1944 when Mustin transferred to the staff of Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee, Jr., Commander Battleship Squadron Two, during the course of combat operations in the Western Pacific. In the spring of 1945 Lee and Mustin returned to the United States to establish Composite Task Force, Atlantic Fleet, in order to devise methods for dealing with Japanese kamikazes. After Lee's death, the command transformed into the Operational Development Force, and Mustin remained on the staff of the new organization. He subsequently served in 1946-48 in the research division of the Bureau of Ordnance. From 1948 to 1950 he commanded the destroyer USS Keppler (DD-765). Subsequent duties were heavy on destroyer experience: 1950-51, on the staff of Commander Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet; 1951-54, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group; 1954-55, command of the destroyer tender USS Piedmont (AD-17); 1956-57, command of Destroyer Squadron 13; 1957-58, chief of staff to Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Force Pacific Fleet; 1958-59, command of Destroyer Flotilla Two. While serving as the flotilla commander as a rear admiral, Mustin was in command of Project Argus high-altitude nuclear weapons tests in the South Atlantic. In 1959-60 he commanded Key West Naval Base; the transcript contains interesting stories about the flag quarters, which had served as Little White House for President Harry S. Truman. In 1960-61 Mustin headed the Antisubmarine Warfare Readiness Executive in OpNav. Then, from 1961 to 1964 he was as Deputy Commander and later Commander Joint Task Force Eight during nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific. The tests were the last conducted in the atmosphere by the United States before the adoption of a nuclear weapons testing ban that President John F. Kennedy had pushed for.