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Across the United States, thousands of hazardous waste sites are contaminated with chemicals that prevent the underlying groundwater from meeting drinking water standards. These include Superfund sites and other facilities that handle and dispose of hazardous waste, active and inactive dry cleaners, and leaking underground storage tanks; many are at federal facilities such as military installations. While many sites have been closed over the past 30 years through cleanup programs run by the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. EPA, and other state and federal agencies, the remaining caseload is much more difficult to address because the nature of the contamination and subsurface conditions make it difficult to achieve drinking water standards in the affected groundwater. Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites estimates that at least 126,000 sites across the U.S. still have contaminated groundwater, and their closure is expected to cost at least $110 billion to $127 billion. About 10 percent of these sites are considered "complex," meaning restoration is unlikely to be achieved in the next 50 to 100 years due to technological limitations. At sites where contaminant concentrations have plateaued at levels above cleanup goals despite active efforts, the report recommends evaluating whether the sites should transition to long-term management, where risks would be monitored and harmful exposures prevented, but at reduced costs.
Most brownfields cleanups have relied on institutional and engineering controls as part of the remedy, although the implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of these controls is one of the most difficult issues affecting contaminated property cleanup and redevelopment. The critical role of institutional controls has recently been highlighted by the 2001 Brownfields Amendments, and as a result a key element in the future success of brownfields redevelopment will rest on understanding and effectively using risk-based corrective action, including institutional and engineering controls. Implementing Institutional Controls at Brownfields and Other Contaminated Sites, the first book on this important and evolving topic, provides a thorough grounding in the history and current use of institutional controls. Emphasizing federal, state and public perspectives, this compendium of articles written by over 43 experts in the field offers real estate and environmental practitioners a state-of-the-art review of a subject that is integral to the success and growth of brownfields redevelopment projects. also examines some of the emerging tools that can be used in brownfields redevelopment, including custodial trusts, one-call systems, and web-based tracking systems. It also discusses the benefits of the proposed uniform model law on environmental covenants (UECA). Part II addresses the federal perspective, including the statutory and regulatory framework for the use of institutional controls in CERCLA and RCRA. The state perspective is covered in Part III, looking at the varying use of these controls in several states, including Arizona, California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Maine. Experience in the Field is the focus of Part IV, which reviews how these controls have been used, highlights recent case studies, and draws conclusions on what can be learned from these successes and failures. documents and forms, including the flow chart from the ASTM Standard Guide on the Use of Activity and Use Limitations, Including Institutional and Engineering Controls (E 2091), final fact sheets from the Environmental Protection Agency for site managers at Superfund and RCRA sites, guidance from the Department of Defense, and state documents referenced in the text.
This book addresses remedial action and waste management problems that the DOE and the nation are now facing that are the result of 50 years of nuclear weapons development and testingâ€"problems that require a reengineering of systems and a reexamination of the scientific, engineering, and institutional barriers to achieving cost-effective and safe stewardship of the nation's resources. Improving the Environment evaluates the DOE's environmental management program in four areas: regulatory measures, organization and management, priority-setting, timing and staging, and science and technology.