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American participants living in Durham, North Carolina (NC). Studies have shown low income African Americans are disproportionately affected by chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol, due to poor eating habits or diets. Some studies have also reported higher rates of obesity amongst high income earners. The purpose of this research is to address the inconsistency, as well as fill the gap in the literature on this topic.
Much has been written about the economic causes of obesity, but this book offers a comprehensive and deep investigation of the causes and treatment of these issues in a single volume. In the second edition, the author expands upon the serious threat that obesity poses not only to our health, but also to our society. Obesity costs billions of dollars a year in lost productivity and medical expenses. The social distribution of obesity has changed over time. Obesity rates in the United States continue to worsen in parallel with income inequality. Socioeconomic groups with low personal capital, levels of education, and income have higher obesity rates. In fact, the rate of obesity has increased the fastest among low-income Americans. The disproportionate burden of obesity on the poor poses an economic challenge and an ethical imperative. The link between obesity, inactivity, and poverty may be too costly to ignore because obesity-associated chronic disease already accounts for 70% of US healthcare costs. Although economic and technological changes in the environment drove the obesity epidemic, the evidence for effective economic policies to prevent obesity remains limited. The new edition brings together a multitude of topics on obesity previously not discussed with a particular emphasis on the influence of poverty and income inequality on obesity including: Economic Analysis: Behavioral Patterns, Diet Choice, and the Role of Government Income and Wealth Inequality and Obesity Social Mobility and Health Food Policies, Government Interventions, and Reducing Poverty The Economics of Obesity is an essential text for readers interested in learning about the causes and consequences of obesity within a social context including students, academicians, and practitioners in public health, medicine, social sciences, and health economics, both in and outside of the United States. US and international policy-makers also will find the book a salient read in addressing the issues that contribute to the cycle of poverty, income inequality, and obesity.
Providing a fascinating insight into the factors that influence individual choices regarding eating habits, diet and other behavioral patterns relevant to obesity, this book offers a new perspective about the relationship of obesity to poverty and inequality. The authors explore a unique socioeconomic model that helps build the framework to understand the causes of obesity and its relation to health, science, and economics. An essential read for policy makers who are seeking a framework to address this problem.
The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most serious public health challenges facing the US. However, the underlying causes for this increase are unclear. This paper examines the effect of family income changes on body mass index (BMI) and obesity using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. It does so by using exogenous variation in family income in a sample of low-income women and men. This exogenous variation is obtained from the correlation of their family income with the generosity of state and federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program benefits. Income is found to significantly raise the BMI and probability of being obese for women with EITC-eligible earnings, and have no appreciable effect for men with EITC-eligible earnings. The results imply that the increase in real family income from 1990 to 2002 explains between 10 and 21 percent of the increase in sample women's BMI and between 23 and 29 percent of their increased obesity prevalence.
Overweight and obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has more than tripled in the last 20 years; of great concern is the unequal number of low-income and minority children who are overweight/obese. Family meals provide children and adolescents with a foundation for developing dietary habits which may prevent overweight/obesity. Family meal frequency among children and adolescents has been explored in relation to their physical and psychological/behavioral health. However, the majority of literature has been limited to adolescents. Existing literature pertaining to younger children has focused primarily on fruit and vegetable consumption. Younger children eat more often with family as they are less independent and away from the home less often. The physical and behavioral benefits of family meals may be more significant in young children, with the influence carrying on into adolescence. The longstanding issue of family meal feasibility among low-income families is of great concern. However, families from underprivileged communities rely on government assistance, food pantries, and strict budgets to provide food for their families, and many barriers prevent them from providing nutritionally adequate and frequent family meals. This study examined the association between family meal frequency and (a) child BMI, and (b) behavioral risk of young children from a low-income population to inform future interventions on the home food environment. Quantitative results indicate that barriers to preparing family meals are related to child behavioral risk. Qualitative and mixed methods findings suggest thematic and practical differences among the challenges/facilitators to family meals among households who eat more/less often together, between those who plan meals more/less often, and between those that do/do not experience time/energy as a barrier to preparing family meals.
This book examines the many roles of families in their members’ food access, preferences, and consumption. It provides an overview of factors – from micro- to macro-levels – that have been linked to food insecurity and discusses policy approaches to reducing food insecurity and hunger. In addition, it addresses the links between food insecurity and overweight and obesity. The book describes changes in the U.S. food environment that may explain increases in obesity during recent decades. It explores relationships between parenting practices and the development of eating behaviors in children, highlighting the importance of family mealtimes in healthful eating. The volume provides an overview of efforts to prevent or reduce obesity in children, with attention to minority populations and discusses research findings on targets for obesity prevention, including a focus on fathers as change agents who play a crucial, yet understudied, role in food parenting. The book acknowledges that with the current obesigenic environment in the United States and elsewhere around the world, additional and innovative efforts are needed to foster healthful eating behavior and orientations toward food in childhood and in families. This book is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, clinicians, professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology, family studies, public health as well as numerous interrelated disciplines, including sociology, demography, social work, prevention science, educational policy, political science, and economics.
This book uses unique dataset to examine parental influence on children's dietary intake and whether or not the children will become obese. The study shows that household income, parents' time spent with children, and parents' work experiences significantly affect children's energy and fat intake and obesity-related outcomes. For example, the more time mothers spent with their children, the lower the children's Body Mass Index (BMI) was. On the other hand, the more time fathers spent with their children, the higher the children's BMI was. And the more time both fathers and mothers spent with their children, the higher their children's fat intake (as a percentage of energy) was. In general, mothers tended to have a greater effect on their children's dietary intake than fathers did. Both parents seemed to influence children ages 9-11 more than they did children ages 13-15. This publication is based on a government report augmented by a full index and related literature report.
?Pub Inc Minority and disadvantaged populations experience higher morbidity and mortality from diseases associated with poor nutrition and obesity, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and cancer. The most significant predictor of childhood obesity is parental obesity. Heredity is not the sole cause of this connection; it is important to understand the family environment, including facilitators and barriers to nutrition modification in order to inform culturally appropriate community based participatory interventions. The rates of these diseases will likely decrease if steps are taken to curb childhood obesity and improve lifestyle behaviors early in life. Employing a biocultural political economic perspective, this project sought to identify aspects of the household and family that are strongly correlated with the presence of obese individuals in the household. A second aim was to identify barriers and facilitators to healthy behaviors that can be addressed in community intervention programs. The researcher conducted structured and semi-structured in-depth interviews and quantitative anthropometric measurements of families with children aged 6-12 who volunteered after receiving a flier from their child's primary care physician or school. The interviews and measurements occurred in participants' homes in urban areas of Buffalo, NY. Recruitment was purposefully conducted in a primary low-income African-American area (the family practice site) as well as through an inner-city school, thus participating families are mostly low-income African-American. Fifty-four home visits were conducted between December 2006 and July 2007. Child weight status (z-scores of BMI, weight, and percent body fat) was significantly related to parent weight status (p
How fat must one be to be considered obese? Why do fat parents tend to have have fat children, whether they are biologically related or not? How does one's social situation affect one's body weight? Why is fatness prevalent among the poor in westernized countries? This thoroughly fascinating volume explores the phenomenon of obesity, a condition common to nearly 15 percent of all Americans. Experts offer unique sociological insights into the relationship between obesity and the family. They share the most current information available on the social causes, correlates, and consequences of being, becoming, and losing fat. Obesity and the Family also explores dieting as a social process, the stigma of obesity in Western culture, the interactional problems of overweight adolescents, the effects of socioeconomic status on body weight, the influence of marriage on obesity, and much more.