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Austrian Controller Award 2005 This book develops a comprehensive concept of regulatory risk integrating existing theoretical and empirical research. The focus is on explaining how the design of the regulatory system influences the risk of a rate-regulated firm, as well as on elaborating appropriate methods for the determination of the regulatory rate base and the allowed rate of return. Regarding the regulatory rate base, the question of whether market value of capital or book value of assets should be employed and the choice of the depreciation scheme are at the center of the discussion. Specific methodical issues concerning cost of capital assessment for rate-regulated firms are analyzed, i.e. the circularity of rate regulation, the sharing of risks between capital owners and rate payers, the length of the regulatory review period, the regulation of the capital structure as well as the conversion of a post-tax to pre-tax weighted average cost of capital.
Risk and Return for Regulated Industries provides a much-needed, comprehensive review of how cost of capital risk arises and can be measured, how the special risks regulated industries face affect fair return, and the challenges that regulated industries are likely to face in the future. Rather than following the trend of broad industry introductions or textbook style reviews of utility finance, it covers the topics of most interest to regulators, regulated companies, regulatory lawyers, and rate-of-return analysts in all countries. Accordingly, the book also includes case studies about various countries and discussions of the lessons international regulatory procedures can offer. Presents a unified treatment of the regulatory principles and practices used to assess the required return on capital Addresses current practices before exploring the ways methods play out in practice, including irregularities, shortcomings, and concerns for the future Focuses on developed economies instead of providing a comprehensive global reviews Foreword by Stewart C. Myers
A methodology for measuring the cost of capital, calculating the measure of market risk, and estimating the impact of various regulatory regimes on market risk in the transport sector.
Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience interested in economic policy issues. This Web-only series replaced Staff Position Notes in January 2011.
A methodology for measuring the cost of capital, calculating the measure of market risk, and estimating the impact of various regulatory regimes on market risk in the transport sector.In reviewing contracts, establishing price limits, or arbitrating conflicts, regulatory agencies and policy advisors face significant information asymmetry in determining the appropriate allowed rate of return, or discount rate. The information gap is especially important in determining the degree of market risk - often a critical component of the cost of capital demanded by operators.Alexander, Estache, and Oliveri consider various methodological problems in the transport sector in establishing the link between regulatory regime and degree of market risk. The results of quantitative studies confirm that even for the transport sector - where there is intermodal competition and where contracts are often shorter and regulatory decisions may be less pressing than for utilities - the choice of regulatory regime greatly affects the degree of market risk a company faces. This has important implications for regulatory agencies and actions.When a regulatory agency undertakes a price review, or when issues arise about concession contracts, it is important that regulators assess correctly the required rate of return and cost of capital. They must also assess correctly the level of risk, which affects the required rate of return and the cost of capital.Most regulators in developing countries have a problem: The regulated companies are unquoted or undertake many activities for a range of industries and even sectors. For them this methodology for measuring the cost of capital, calculating the measure of market risk, and estimating the impact of various regulatory regimes on market risk may be useful.This paper - a product of Governance, Regulation, and Finance, World Bank Institute - is part of a larger effort in the institute to increase understanding of infrastructure regulation.
Risk and risk allocation have always been central issues in public utility regulation. Unfortunately, the term “risk” can easily be misrepresented and misinterpreted, especially when disconnected from long-standing principles of corporate finance. This book provides those in the regulatory policy community with a basic theoretical and practical grounding in risk as it relates specifically to economic regulation in order to focus and elevate discourse about risk in the utility sector in the contemporary context of economic, technological, and regulatory change. This is not a “how-to” book with regard to calculating risks and returns but rather a resource that aims to improve understanding of the nature of risk. It draws from the fields of corporate finance, behavioral finance, and decision theory as well as the broader legal and economic theories that undergird institutional economics and the economic regulatory paradigm. We exist in a world of scarce resources and abundant uncertainties, the combination of which can exacerbate and distort our sense of risk. Although there is understandable impulse to reduce risk, attempts to mitigate may be as likely to shift risk, and some measures might actually increase risk exposure. Many of the concepts explored here apply not just to financial decisions, such as those by utility investors, but also to regulatory and utility decision-making in general.