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Cost of private timber management practices in the United States are identified, and their relationship to timber production in general is highlighted. Costs across timber-producing regions and forest types are identified by forest type and timber management practices historically applied in each region. This includes cost estimates for activities such as forest establishment practices such as reforestation and afforestation on crop and pastureland. Establishment costs for reforestation in the Southern United States are less than in other regions, although regional differences in establishment costs are less evident in hardwood than in softwood stands. Also, included in the list of timber management costs ate the intermediate management treatments of precommercial thinning, herbicide, and fertilizer application. Intermediate management treatments are less costly in the southern United States than in other regions. Trends in timber management costs reported as part of the management costs reporting.
These projections reflect the consequences of recent changes in the Alaska forest sector & trends in markets for Alaska products. With the cancellation of the long-term contracts & the closure of the two southeast Alaska pulp mills, demand for Alaska national forest timber now depends on markets for sawn wood & the ability to export manufacturing residues & lower grade logs. Four scenarios are presented that display a range of possible future demands. The range in annual demand for timber from Alaska national forests is 48 to 370 million board feet of logs annually. Areas of uncertainty includes the prospect of continuing changes in markets & competition, & the rates of investment & innovation in manufacturing in Alaska. Illustrations.
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. The term ¿geoengineering¿ describes this array of technologies that aim, through large-scale and deliberate modifications of the Earth¿s energy balance, to reduce temperatures and counteract anthropogenic climate change. Most of these technologies are at the conceptual and research stages, and their effectiveness at reducing global temperatures has yet to be proven. Moreover, very few studies have been published that document the cost, environmental effects, sociopolitical impacts, and legal implications of geoengineering. Contents of this report: Intro.; Geoengineering Governance; Geoengineering Technologies; The Debate over the Methods of Oversight; The Debate over Oversight and Governmental Involvement; Conclusion. Illus.