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AVEC L'ENTREE EN VIGUEUR DU CODE PENAL NOUVEAU, LA PROTECTION SPECIFIQUE DU MINEUR PROTECTION QUI CONSISTE A ERIGER LA QUALITE DE MINEUR DE LA VICTIME EN ELEMENT CONSTITUTIF DE L'INFRACTION - A CONNU UN DEVELOPPEMENT CONSIDERABLE. ALORS QUE DANS NOTRE SYSTEME JURIDIQUE, LA PROTECTION DE L'ENFANT RELEVE EN PRIORITE DE SES PARENTS, PUNISSABLES S'ILS SONT DEFAILLANTS, L'ETUDE CRITIQUE DE L'ENSEMBLE DES INFRACTIONS CONCERNEES ET DES PEINES QUI S'Y ATTACHENT DEMONTRE QUE CE RENFORCEMENT SE TRADUIT PRINCIPALEMENT PAR L'ETABLISSEMENT D'UNE PROTECTION INDIVIDUELLE C'EST-A-DIRE UNE PROTECTION INDEPENDANTE DE TOUT LIEN FILIAL ET QUI INCOMBE A CHACUN ET A TOUS. OR, CES DEUX TECHNIQUES DE PROTECTION REPOSENT SUR DES FONDEMENTS DISTINCTS. L'APPROCHE PENALISTE S'AVERE A CET EGARD FORT REVELATRICE. L'ENFANT EST OBJET DE PROTECTION FAMILIALE ALORS QU'IL EST SUJET DE PROTECTION INDIVIDUELLE. LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA PROTECTION PENALE DE L'ENFANT VICTIME ENGENDRE DONC UN SYSTEME DE SAUVEGARDE HYBRIDE D'AUTANT QUE LA PROTECTION INDIVIDUELLE TELLE QU'ELLE RESULTE DU CODE PENAL NOUVEAU TEND A UN AFFAIBLISSEMENT DE LA PROTECTION PARENTALE POURTANT CONSIDEREE COMME LE MODE PRIVILEGIE DE PROTECTION DE L'ENFANT. CELA CONSTITUE L'AMORCE D'UNE REFORME DE LA CONCEPTION MEME DU MINEUR, L'ON PEUT EN CONCLURE QU'IL S'AGIT D'UNE PERIODE DE TRANSITION QUI DEVRAIT S'ACHEMINER VERS UN REGIME RECONNAISSANT PLEINEMENT A L'ENFANT LA QUALITE DE
Depuis quelques années, les médias se font fréquemment l'écho d'affaires concernant des mineurs. La France, à l'instar de nombreux autres pays, s'en est émue. Elle s'est efforcée d'adapter sa législation pour améliorer la situation des enfants et des adolescents en danger ou en difficulté. Malgré cette volonté de protection sans cesse réaffirmée, ni les dispositions du nouveau Code Pénal, ni les mesures éducatives de l'ordonnance de 1945, ni les pratiques judiciaires ne permettent d'atteindre, avec efficience, l'objectif recherché: la socialisation harmonieuse de l'enfant.
Le mineur victime d’infractions sexuelles devrait disposer d’un droit penal qui a la capacite de le proteger specifiquement et suffisamment en raison de sa situation particuliere. Ainsi, l’importance des textes adaptes du droit penal a la protection du mineur victime ne doit pas etre minoree. L’interet de notre demarche consiste a verifier comment la minorite de la victime pourrait influer sur le contexte de droit penal pour mettre en coherence la protection du mineur dans un systeme juridique penal adapte. Est-ce que les regles substantielles et procedurales des infractions sexuelles non specifiques au mineur victime ne pourraient-elles pas assurer a ce dernier une meilleure protection ? En d’autres termes, les regles de protection d’un adulte victime de l’infraction sexuelle sont-elles semblables a celles s’appliquant au mineur victime, ou a defaut, ce dernier aurait-il besoin d’autres types de regles ? Comment pourrions- nous fixer ces regles specifiques ? A travers une methode de confrontation entre la protection specifique d’un mineur victime d’infractions sexuelles et la protection generale de celui-ci, nous souleverons deux questions principales concernant l’adaptation du droit penal a la protection du mineur victime : l’une concernant l’adaptation du droit penal par l’amenagement des regles substantielles. Ainsi, la minorite de la victime pourrait devenir un element constitutif de l’infraction sexuelle. Et l’autre concernant l’adaptation du droit penal par la personnalisation des regles procedurales. Ainsi, les procedures penales devraient s’orienter vers l’organisation de l’assistance authentique d’un mineur victime, ce dernier etant perçu comme sujet d’une veritable protection. Le droit français, longtemps precurseur en matiere de protection du mineur victime, devrait adopter aujourd’hui un nouveau modele de la protection permettant une prise en charge globale du mineur victime d’infractions sexuelles.
This book discusses the emergence of care for orphaned, abandoned and poor children in Lithuania from the early twentieth century to the beginning of the Second World War. In particular, it focuses on how such practices were influenced by nationalist and political discourses, and how orphanages became privileged institutions for nation building. Emerging during the humanitarian crisis following the First World War, the Lithuanian orphaned and destitute children’s assistance network had an eminently ethno-national character, and existed in parallel with, and was challenged by, Polish poor child assistance institutions. By analysing such care for children, this book explores concepts such as the nation state and citizenship, as well as the connections between poverty, childhood and nationalism.
"'Gender Matters' is a manual aimed to assist educators and youth leaders work on issues of gender and gender-based violence with young people. This publication presents theoretical information, methods and resources for education and training activities, along with concrete exercises that users can put into practice in their daily work. Violence is a serious issue which directly affects the lives of many young people. It often results in lasting damage to their well-being and integrity, putting even their lives at risk. Gender-based violence, including violence against women, remains a key human rights challenge in contemporary Europe and in the world. Working with young people on human rights education is one way of preventing gender-based violence from occurring. By raising awareness on why and how it manifests and exploring its impact on people and in society, gender-based violence will no longer go undetected. Gender really does matter, to women, to men, to young people - to all of us. This manual serves to explore these human rights issues and act upon them."--Book jacket.
This book is about one of the most controversial dilemmas of contract law: whether or not the unexpected change of circumstances due to the effects of financial crises may under certain conditions be taken into account. Growing interconnectedness of global economies facilitates the spread of the effects of the financial crises. Financial crises cause severe difficulties for persons to fulfill their contractual obligations. During the financial crises, performance of contractual obligations may become excessively onerous or may cause an excessive loss for one of the contracting parties and consequently destroy the contractual equilibrium and legitimate the governmental interventions. Uncomfortable economic climate leads to one of the most controversial dilemmas of the contract law: whether the binding force of the contract is absolute or not. In other words, unstable economic circumstances impose the need to devote special attention to review and perhaps to narrow the binding nature of a contract. Principle of good faith and fair dealing motivate a variety of theoretical bases in order to overcome the legal consequences of financial crises. In this book, all these theoretical bases are analyzed with special focus on the available remedies, namely renegotiation, rescission or revision and the circumstances which enables the revocation of these remedies. The book collects the 19 national reports and the general report originally presented in the session regarding the Effects of Financial Crises on the Binding Force of Contracts: Renegotiation, Rescission or Revision during the XIXth congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law, held in Vienna, July 2014.
Contemporary Criminological Issues tackles some of today’s most pressing social issues, from the criminalization of Indigenous peoples to interpersonal violence, border control, and armed conflicts. This book advances cutting-edge theories and methods, with the aim of moving beyond the scholarship that reproduces insecurity and exclusion. The breadth of approaches encompasses much of the current critical criminological scholarship, serving as a counterpoint to the growth of managerial and administrative criminologies and the rise of explicitly exclusionary and punitive state policies and practices with respect to ‘crime’ and ‘security.’ This edited collection featuring two books, one in English and one in French, includes important contributions to knowledge and public policy by eminent experts and emerging scholars. This book is published in English.