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ABSTRACT: There has been a rapid growth in the uses of titanium in both the aerospace and commercial industries. Despite this rapid growth, the production costs for titanium parts are very high compared to parts produced from other metals such as steel and aluminum. A large contributor to this fact is that titanium is a difficult metal to machine due largely to the high temperatures that are imposed on the tool when this metal is being cut. This thesis looks at the end milling operations of a 6A1-4V titanium rotor yoke for a 412 multipurpose Bell Helicopter. This is a large part in size that takes between 50 and 60 hours of machining time for it to be completed. The goal was to reduce the current machining time for the end milling operations of this rotor yoke by 50 percent. This work resulted in a reduction in the machining time for the end milling operations of 79.2 percent. Multiple tests were conducted for both the roughing and finishing operations of the rotor yoke. Tool wear was identified and tracked at surface speeds up to 200 meters/minute (654.5 SFM) for different tools and conditions. Relationships between radial depth of cut, surface speed, tool wear and temperature were developed. Alternative tool paths were also looked at for the roughing passes. An indication of tool wear was discovered for the finishing passes through looking at the geometry of the chips being produced. A temperature model was developed that calculates and graphs the temperature for an interrupted cut given the machining conditions and material properties. The model was used to optimize the finishing passes by developing relationships between time in the cut (radial depth of cut) and temperature which showed a 488 degree Celsius change in temperature for a one millimeter change in radial depth of cut. The results from the model supported the theory that a steady state maximum temperature is not reached when machining at shallow radial depths of cut. Results from the temperature model and the experimental tool wear data combined to support the idea that temperature is the driving force behind the tool wear associated with machining titanium.
This book presents a collection of examples illustrating the resent research advances in the machining of titanium alloys. These materials have excellent strength and fracture toughness as well as low density and good corrosion resistance; however, machinability is still poor due to their low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity with cutting tool materials. This book presents solutions to enhance machinability in titanium-based alloys and serves as a useful reference to professionals and researchers in aerospace, automotive and biomedical fields.
There is a growing trend in the United States aerospace industry to outsource many of the manufacturing processes. This is especially true for machining. Two production parts addressed in this project, the blade fold support and the engine deck, are both currently outsourced. Both of these parts are titanium and have a very high manufacturing cost directly related to the difficulty in machining this material. The knowledge of machine tool dynamics, modal analysis techniques, and high speed machining technology have been applied to these two different production parts to reduce the machining time and increase productivity. However, the methods developed are not exclusive to these two parts. The knowledge and techniques described are applicable to a wide range of parts, and the procedure developed demonstrates a method to optimize a part process plan by understanding the capabilities of a machine tool from a scientific point-of-view rather than trial and error.
Part of the renowned Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook Series, the Machining Vol. 1 helps you apply cost-effective techniques to achieve the best results for over 100 traditional and nontraditional machining processes. Chapters include: Principles of Metalcutting and Machinability, Tolerance Control, Cutting Tool Materials, Sawing, Broaching, Planing, Shaping, and Slotting, Turning and Boring, Milling, Grinding, Threading Gear and Spline Production, Nontraditional Machining, Machine Loading and Unloading, Machine Rebuilding, and much more!
The book summarizes the results of the European research project "Intelligent fixtures for the manufacturing of low rigidity components" (INTEFIX). The structure of the book follows the sub-projects which are dedicated to case studies within the scenarios "vibrations", "deformations" and "positioning". The INTEFIX project deals with the development and analysis of several exemplary types of intelligent, sensor and actuator integrated fixtures for the clamping of sensitive workpieces in cutting machine tools. Thus, the book gives a representative overview about this innovative field of technology. The demands of the case studies are described and the technological approaches and solutions are introduced. Furthermore, innovative methods for the design and optimization of intelligent fixtures are presented.
Advanced Machining Processes of Metallic Materials updates our knowledge on the metal cutting processes in relation to theory and industrial practice. In particular, many topics reflect recent developments, e.g. modern tool materials, computational machining, computer simulation of various process phenomena, chip control, monitoring of the cutting state, progressive and hybrid machining operations, and generation and modelling of surface integrity. This book addresses the present state and future development of machining technologies. It provides a comprehensive description of metal cutting theory, experimental and modelling techniques along with basic machining processes and their effective use in a wide range of manufacturing applications. Topics covered include fundamental physical phenomena and methods for their evaluation, available technology of machining processes for specific classes of materials and surface integrity. The book also provides strategies for optimalization techniques and assessment of machinability. Moreover, it describes topics not currently covered in other sources, such as high performance and multitasking (complete) machining with a high potential for increasing productivity, and virtual and e-machining. The research covered here has contributed to a more generalized vision of machining technology, including not only traditional manufacturing tasks but also new potential (emerging) applications such as micro- and nanotechnology. - Many practical examples of modern machining technology - Applicable for various technical, engineering and scientific levels - Collects together 20 years of research in the field and related technical information
This book covers design of experiments (DoE) applied in production engineering as a combination of manufacturing technology with applied management science. It presents recent research advances and applications of design experiments in production engineering and the chapters cover metal cutting tools, soft computing for modelling and optmization of machining, waterjet machining of high performance ceramics, among others.