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The landscapes of North America, including eastern forests, have been shaped by humans for millennia, through fire, agriculture, hunting, and other means. But the arrival of Europeans on America’s eastern shores several centuries ago ushered in the rapid conversion of forests and woodlands to other land uses. By the twentieth century, it appeared that old-growth forests in the eastern United States were gone, replaced by cities, farms, transportation networks, and second-growth forests. Since that time, however, numerous remnants of eastern old growth have been discovered, meticulously mapped, and studied. Many of these ancient stands retain surprisingly robust complexity and vigor, and forest ecologists are eager to develop strategies for their restoration and for nurturing additional stands of old growth that will foster biological diversity, reduce impacts of climate change, and serve as benchmarks for how natural systems operate. Forest ecologists William Keeton and Andrew Barton bring together a volume that breaks new ground in our understanding of ecological systems and their importance for forest resilience in an age of rapid environmental change. This edited volume covers a broad geographic canvas, from eastern Canada and the Upper Great Lakes states to the deep South. It looks at a wide diversity of ecosystems, including spruce-fir, northern deciduous, southern Appalachian deciduous, southern swamp hardwoods, and longleaf pine. Chapters authored by leading old-growth experts examine topics of contemporary forest ecology including forest structure and dynamics, below-ground soil processes, biological diversity, differences between historical and modern forests, carbon and climate change mitigation, management of old growth, and more. This thoughtful treatise broadly communicates important new discoveries to scientists, land managers, and students and breathes fresh life into the hope for sensible, effective management of old-growth stands in eastern forests.
The red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is a small terrestrial amphibian common to North Eastern North American forests. Their agonistic and territorial behaviours have been widely studied and have shown that they exhibit preferential behaviour to neighbouring conspecifics. This is commonly known as the "dear neighbour effect" or the "dear enemy effect". Recently, tests have been done to determine how long a salamander may remember its neighbour, and hence display the dear neighbour effect. This study sets out firstly to those found in Virginia (where the majority of red-backed salamander studies on the dear neighbour effect have been done). Secondly, the dear neighbour effect is tested on an entirely neutral arena, where any agonistic encounters have no connection with territoriality. It is concluded that the dear neighbour effect does in fact occur when no defendable territory is present, and that red-backed salamanders from North Eastern Ontario possibly have different behavioural trends than those found in more southern habitats.