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This analysis examines the problem of measuring demand for recreation on national forests and other public lands. Current measures of recreation demand in Forest Service resource assessments and planning emphasize population-level participation rates and activity-based economic values for visitor days. Alternative measures and definitions of recreation demand are presented, including formal economic demand and multiattribute preferences. Recreation assessments from national-level Renewable Resources Planning Act Assessments to site-level demand studies are reviewed to identify methods used for demand analysis at different spatial scales. A finding throughout the multiple scales of analysis, with the exception of site-level studies, is that demand measures are not integrated with supply measures. Supply analyses, in the context of resource assessments, have taken the form of mapped spatial inventories of recreation resources on the national forests, based on the classification of recreational settings according to the opportunities they produce (e.g., the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum). As such, integration of demand analysis with these measures of supply requires measuring the demand for recreational settings. To support management and planning decisions, recreation demand analysis must also permit projection of changes in visitation at multiple scales as changes in management and policy alter recreational settings, and as the demographics and behavior of the user base changes through time. Although this is currently being done through many formal economic studies of site demand, methods are needed that scale up to higher levels of spatial aggregation. Several areas for research, development and application of improved methods for demand analysis are identified, and improved methods for spatially explicit models of recreation visitation and demand are identified as a priority area for research.
This is the first volume to fully explore the complex relationship between war and tourism by considering its full range of dynamics; including political, psychological, economic and ideological factors at different levels, in different political and geographical locations. Issues of peace and tourism are dealt with insofar as they pertain to the effects of war on tourism that emerge after the cessation of hostilities. The book therefore reveals how not only location, but also political strategies, accidents of history, transportation linkages, and economic expediency all have played their role in the development and continuation of tourism before, during, and after wartime. It further show how the effects of war are seldom if ever simply a negation or reversal of the effects of peace on tourism. The volume draws on a range of examples, from medieval times to the present, to reveal the multi-faceted development of tourism amidst and because of conflict in a wide variety of locations, including the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, North America, Africa and South East Asia, showing the diverse ways in which tourism and war interacts. In doing so it explores how some locations have been developed as tourist attractions primarily because of war and conflict, e.g. as resting and training places for troops, and others flourished because of the threat of danger from conflicts to more traditional tourist locations. This thought provoking volume contributes to the understanding of the interrelationships between war, peace and tourism in many different parts of the world at different scales. It will be valuable reading for all those interested in this topic as well as dark tourism, battlefield tourism and heritage tourism.