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Plant materials are increasingly exploited to isolate and purify their natural bioactive compounds. Reasons for this attention in recent times include, but are not limited to, the increasing antibiotic resistance by microorganisms, the growing concerns about side-effects from drugs of synthetic origin, and the increasing attention to preserving environmental resources through waste recovery. Kānuka is a native New Zealand medicinal tree valued for its role in rongoa Māori. The literature attests to kānuka products possessing properties which are beneficial to the medical, food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, bioactivity-guided studies on kānuka are scanty in comparison to studies on other plants like mānuka. In light of this, the possibility of recovering bioactive extracts from kānuka leaves in the form of liquid extracts was investigated in this present study, as a means to increase the value potential of the plant. The growing demand from consumers for natural products and sustainable processes from the government has given rise to many green extraction techniques. The desired recovery techniques must be of high efficiency, eco-friendly and cost-effective. Although traditional extraction methods are convenient and may be relatively lower in cost, because of their drawbacks regarding toxicity, process duration, and the likes, alternatives are being sought. There are multiple types of separation technologies proposed in the literature for the recovery of value-added products from plants, but the focus of this research project is on subcritical water extraction, for several reasons mentioned throughout this report. Subcritical water extraction (also known as pressurised hot water extraction, superheated water extraction, or ASE with water as an extractant) appears to be a feasible alternative to conventional solvent extraction for recovering polyphenols from plant matrices. This is based on the fact that the dielectric constant (also known as relative permittivity) of water varies with temperature. The prominent and pertinent attractive features are discussed in chapter 3. An extensive body of publication deals with subcritical water extraction of bioactive compounds from food and non-food sources. However, this method has not been applied in the recovery of bioactive compounds from kānuka. In this research project, using subcritical water extraction to obtain bioactive extracts from kānuka leaves was investigated. Different operating conditions of temperature, solid-to-solvent ratio, and extraction time were tested to validate our hypothesis and select optimum extraction conditions. A hydrogen bond donor and acceptor interaction analysis was performed for a visual examination and a better understanding of the interaction of subcritical water and the target component (chapter 4). This was achieved through both -profile and -potential using COSMO-RS. Since this is the first report on this topic, phytochemical analyses and biological screenings were conducted to quantify and qualify the isolated bioactive components in the extract. These analyses were achieved via a variety of established spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Following this, a techno-economic and environmental impact assessment under those optimised conditions were conducted to check the economic feasibility of upscaling the process from lab-scale to industrial level. Another novelty in the research was the evaluation of the technology readiness level for subcritical water extraction. This aspect of research has not yet been recorded in the literature, even with the growing awareness in this technology. For all levels of investigations, the subcritical water extraction process was compared with conventional solvent extraction with ethanol. The findings from this research have proven that not only do water-based extracts of kānuka truly possess beneficial properties but also that, subcritical water extraction is more efficient than conventional ethanol extraction for recovering this high-value, bioactive kānuka extract. First, the phytochemical properties of extracts from subcritical water extraction were higher than those of ethanol extraction (over fortyfold higher), and this was achieved in a much shorter time without using an organic solvent. Next, the inhibition capacity of subcritical water extracts was significantly higher than the inhibition capacity of ethanol extracts and the minimum inhibition concentration of 50%, indicating a potent antioxidant activity from the subcritical water extracts. Similarly, potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were exhibited by subcritical water extracts during the biological screening studies. The extract profiling also revealed a higher yield of selected polyphenols in the kānuka extracts obtained at optimum conditions of subcritical water extraction compared to those from ethanol extraction, also at optimum conditions. Close examination of the results showed that the operating conditions had significant effects on extraction efficiency; these findings are discussed in detail within this thesis. The study has proven that vast untapped potentials abound in kānuka to produce high-value products. With the outcome of this research, the composition and bioactivity of kānuka leaf extract were better understood thus, can promote further studies of this indigenous plant and consequently, add value to and diversify the applications and products of the native New Zealand tree beyond current practices. More so, the potential of using subcritical water extraction to produce high-quality plant extracts from kānuka leaves has been confirmed and is supported by New Zealand’s global reputation of being pure and green and a source of quality produce. Finally, new income streams will be created, thereby increasing its value-added potential and contributing to Vision Mātauranga.
Egyptian hieroglyphs, Chinese scrolls, and Ayurvedic literature record physicians administering aromatic oils to their patients. Today society looks to science to document health choices and the oils do not disappoint. The growing body of evidence of their efficacy for more than just scenting a room underscores the need for production standards, quality control parameters for raw materials and finished products, and well-defined Good Manufacturing Practices. Edited by two renowned experts, the Handbook of Essential Oils covers all aspects of essential oils from chemistry, pharmacology, and biological activity, to production and trade, to uses and regulation. Bringing together significant research and market profiles, this comprehensive handbook provides a much-needed compilation of information related to the development, use, and marketing of essential oils, including their chemistry and biochemistry. A select group of authoritative experts explores the historical, biological, regulatory, and microbial aspects. This reference also covers sources, production, analysis, storage, and transport of oils as well as aromatherapy, pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism. It includes discussions of biological activity testing, results of antimicrobial and antioxidant tests, and penetration-enhancing activities useful in drug delivery. New information on essential oils may lead to an increased understanding of their multidimensional uses and better, more ecologically friendly production methods. Reflecting the immense developments in scientific knowledge available on essential oils, this book brings multidisciplinary coverage of essential oils into one all-inclusive resource.
During the last ten years, several new extraction techniques have been developed that are faster, more automated and use less organic solvents compared to classical solvent extraction techniques. Furthermore, there is a clear trend going towards the use of (and research on) environmentally sustainable methods, which is encouraging for the future. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) are two of the most useful techniques for extraction of non-polar and medium polar solutes from solid and semi-solid samples. These techniques commonly use pressurized carbon dioxide or hot liquids such as water as extraction solvents, respectively. For aqueous samples, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) has recently been developed. These are some of the techniques that will be described in the proposed symposium series book. Focus will be on the extraction of various compounds from food and agricultural samples in either an analytical or a process-scale point-of-view. Several of the book chapters will compare the different techniques, and describe their advantages and disadvantages. Applications discussed in this book include SFE of biopolymers from distillers dried grains, SFE of lipids from oilseeds, PLE of functional ingredients from plants and herbs, tandem SFE/PLE of acrylamide from potato chips, SFE and PLE of cholesterol and fat from hamster liver, and steam distillation-extraction (SDE) and SBSE of flavors from shitake mushrooms.
This book is a compilation of information on insect/mite/vertebrate pests and fungal/bacterial/viral/mycoplasma/nematode diseases of tropical root and tuber crops such as cassava, sweet potato, yams, taro, Amorphophallus, yam bean and tannia. The book highlights the distribution, symptoms and damage, biology, survival and spread of each pest and describes management methods. It also sheds light on different eco-friendly pest management strategies including physical, cultural, chemical, biological, host resistance and integrated methods. The book is written in a lucid style using easy-to-understand language and offers adoptable recommendations involving eco-friendly control measures. It serves as a useful reference source for policy makers, research and extension workers, practicing farmers and students. The material can also be used for teaching post graduate courses in state agricultural universities.
Plant foods are an essential part of our daily diet and constitute one of the highest contributors to the world economy. These foods are rich in phenolic compounds, which play a significant role in maintaining our health. This textbook presents a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, biochemistry and analysis of phenolic compounds present in a variety of foods. The text can be used as a singular source of knowledge for plant food science and technology, covering all of the important chemical, biochemical and analytical aspects needed for a thorough understanding of phenolic antioxidants in foods. Phenolic Antioxidants In Foods: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Analysis is comprised of three sections. The first section covers the basic concepts of antioxidants, their chemistry and their chemical composition in foods, providing a detailed introduction to the concept. The second section covers the biochemical aspects of phenolic antioxidants, including their biosynthetic pathways, biological effects and the molecular mechanism of antioxidant effects in the biological system. This section promotes an understanding of the fundamental biochemical reactions that take place in foods and after digestion and absorption. The third section covers the analytical chemistry used in the analysis of phenolic antioxidants in foods, including the basic analytical procedures, methods for analysis and chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. This section is significant for aspiring food chemists and manufacturers to evaluate the nature and chemistry of phenolic antioxidants in foods. Featuring helpful quizzes, section summaries, and key chapter points, this textbook is the perfect learning tool for advanced chemistry undergraduates and post-graduates looking to gain a fundamental understanding of phenolic antioxidants in food products.
The book explains the principles and fundamentals of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and highlights the current developments and future potential of the analytical green chemistry-oriented applications of various solutions. The book consists of sixteen chapters, including the history and milestones of GAC; issues related to teaching of green analytical chemistry and greening the university laboratories; evaluation of impact of analytical activities on the environmental and human health, direct techniques of detection, identification and determination of trace constituents; new achievements in the field of extraction of trace analytes from samples characterized by complex composition of the matrix; “green” nature of the derivatization process in analytical chemistry; passive techniques of sampling of analytes; green sorption materials used in analytical procedures; new types of solvents in the field of analytical chemistry. In addition green chromatography and related techniques, fast tests for assessment of the wide spectrum of pollutants in the different types of the medium, remote monitoring of environmental pollutants, qualitative and comparative evaluation, quantitative assessment, and future trends and perspectives are discussed. This book appeals to a wide readership of the academic and industrial researchers. In addition, it can be used in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate Ph.D. students focusing on elaboration of new analytical procedures for organic and inorganic compounds determination in different kinds of samples characterized by complex matrices composition.Jacek Namieśnik was a Professor at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland. Justyna Płotka-Wasylka is a teacher and researcher at the same department.
The emerging field of green analytical chemistry is concerned with the development of analytical procedures that minimize consumption of hazardous reagents and solvents, and maximize safety for operators and the environment. In recent years there have been significant developments in methodological and technological tools to prevent and reduce the deleterious effects of analytical activities; key strategies include recycling, replacement, reduction and detoxification of reagents and solvents. The Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry provides a comprehensive overview of the present state and recent developments in green chemical analysis. A series of detailed chapters, written by international specialists in the field, discuss the fundamental principles of green analytical chemistry and present a catalogue of tools for developing environmentally friendly analytical techniques. Topics covered include: Concepts: Fundamental principles, education, laboratory experiments and publication in green analytical chemistry. The Analytical Process: Green sampling techniques and sample preparation, direct analysis of samples, green methods for capillary electrophoresis, chromatography, atomic spectroscopy, solid phase molecular spectroscopy, derivative molecular spectroscopy and electroanalytical methods. Strategies: Energy saving, automation, miniaturization and photocatalytic treatment of laboratory wastes. Fields of Application: Green bioanalytical chemistry, biodiagnostics, environmental analysis and industrial analysis. This advanced handbook is a practical resource for experienced analytical chemists who are interested in implementing green approaches in their work.
Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications presents extensive detailed information on all the vital principles, basics and fundamental aspects of multiple herbal biomolecules in the healthcare industry. This book examines important herbal biomolecules including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, polysaccharides, tannins and polyphenolic compounds, terpenes, fats and waxes, proteins and peptides, and vitamins. These herbal biomacromolecules are responsible for different bioactivities as well as pharmacological potentials. A systematic understanding of the extraction, purification, characterization, applications of these herbal biomolecules and their derivatives in healthcare fields is developed in this comprehensive book. Chapters explore the key topics along with an emphasis on recent research and developments in healthcare fields by leading experts. They include updated literature review of the relevant key topics, good quality illustrations, chemical structures, flow charts, well-organized tables and case studies. Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications will be useful for researchers working on natural products and biomolecules with bioactivity and nutraceutical properties. Professionals specializing in scientific areas such as biochemistry, pharmacology, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, clinics, or engineering focused on bioactive natural products will find this book useful. Provides a study of different type of biomolecules from herbal extracts and their bioactivities as well as their application in the healthcare industry Contributions by global leaders and experts from academia, industry and regulatory agencies, who have been considered as pioneers in the application of herbal biomolecules in the diverse healthcare fields Includes updated literature review along with practical examples and research case studies
Nuts have been long perceived as a high-fat, high-calorie food, best avoided or consumed in moderation. However, research is showing that tree nuts are cholesterol-free and contain unsaturated fats which can help lower the risk of heart disease. Nuts also provide essential nutrients such as magnesium, chromium, zinc, and manganese. Like all plant foods they are high in fiber and phytochemicals. This book examines ten popular tree nuts and describes each nut's compositional characteristics, lipid characteristics, effects of consumption on serum lipid profiles, as well as their phytochemicals and role disease prevention. In addition the book covers allergens and uses for non-edible parts.
This book collects the publications of the special Topic Scientific advances in STEM: from Professor to students. The aim is to contribute to the advancement of the Science and Engineering fields and their impact on the industrial sector, which requires a multidisciplinary approach. University generates and transmits knowledge to serve society. Social demands continuously evolve, mainly because of cultural, scientific, and technological development. Researchers must contextualize the subjects they investigate to their application to the local industry and community organizations, frequently using a multidisciplinary point of view, to enhance the progress in a wide variety of fields (aeronautics, automotive, biomedical, electrical and renewable energy, communications, environmental, electronic components, etc.). Most investigations in the fields of science and engineering require the work of multidisciplinary teams, representing a stockpile of research projects in different stages (final year projects, master's or doctoral studies). In this context, this Topic offers a framework for integrating interdisciplinary research, drawing together experimental and theoretical contributions in a wide variety of fields.