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The origin of cosmic rays has been an open problem for over a century. By measuring and modeling the energy spectrum and mass composition we can provide information towards solving this problem. The energy spectrum in particular has several features that hold key information to the propagation and sources of cosmic rays. The energy spectrum, which spans over several decades, can be described as a power-law with the slope defined by a value called the spectral index which ranges from values of 2.5 -- 3.3. Deviations of the spectral index mark key features of the energy spectrum such as the knee ($\approx$ $10^{15}$ eV), the second knee ($\approx$ $10^{17}$), the ankle ($\approx$ $10^{18.5}$) and a sharp drop off that occurs at the highest energies ($\approx$ $10^{19.5}$). We develop a hybrid model of a neural network to reconstruct the maximum atmospheric depth (Xmax) and a decision tree to reconstruct the energy for an extensive air shower that is detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The resolution of our models are about 41.6 $\rm{g/cm^2}$ for Xmax and 5.64\% for log10(E/GeV). Each of these is comparable with direct optical measurements of the shower. With these reconstructions we can construct kernels, using Monte Carlo simulations, that are capable of reproducing the probability density function of real data through a weighted sum of the kernels for a showers predicted Xmax binned by the showers predicted energy. We use weights (species fractions) predicted by models, such as H3A and H4A, and use the resulting fits to determine how well those models represent the propagation and production of cosmic rays. The H3A and H4A in particular use a physical phenomenon called a Peters cycle where rigidity is expected to be the governing variable for confinement and acceleration of cosmic rays.
The IceCube is the world largest neutrino observatory located at the geographic South Pole. It consists of two components, the 1 km2 surface array IceTop, and 1 km3 InIce array. The main focus of the IceCube is neutrino astronomy and studying the physics of the neutrinos. IceCube also measures the direction, energy and mass composition of cosmic ray particles in the energy range between several hundred TeV (~1014 eV) and a few EeV (~1018 eV), the most enigmatic Galactic-to-extragalactic transition region. One unique advantage of the cosmic ray study with IceCube data comes from the fact that IceCube measures both the surface particles (with IceTop) and high energy muons (with the InIce array) in extensive air showers produced by cosmic rays. Previous cosmic ray studies are mainly done with the data from IceTop only, which are limited by the quality of cosmic ray reconstruction, and the number of high energy events. This work aims to improve the cosmic ray reconstructions in two ways. The first is to investigate and solve the angular resolution problem that occurred in the reconstruction of cosmic rays at high energies. The second is to develop a new cosmic ray reconstruction that uses data from both the IceTop and InIce arrays simultaneously. The first work significantly improves the direction reconstruction of cosmic rays. The second achieves, for the first time, a three-dimensional reconstruction of cosmic ray events in IceCube. It not only increases the number of events for physics study at high energies but also provides new parameters that may improve the accuracy of the measurement of cosmic ray primary energy and composition. The new reconstruction was also applied to data for a test analysis that uses machine learning techniques, which provides insights into future science analyses.
In addition to lowering the threshold of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum, this thesis also includes a preliminary application of the constant intensity cut method to IceTop data. This method has the potential to improve the reach of IceTop in the EeV range.
Offers an accessible text and reference (a cosmic-ray manual) for graduate students entering the field and high-energy astrophysicists will find this an accessible cosmic-ray manual Easy to read for the general astronomer, the first part describes the standard model of cosmic rays based on our understanding of modern particle physics. Presents the acceleration scenario in some detail in supernovae explosions as well as in the passage of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. Compares experimental data in the atmosphere as well as underground are compared with theoretical models
This book introduces particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. Starting from an experimental perspective, it provides a unified view of these fields that reflects the very rapid advances being made. This new edition has a number of improvements and has been updated to describe the recent discovery of gravitational waves and astrophysical neutrinos, which started the new era of multimessenger astrophysics; it also includes new results on the Higgs particle. Astroparticle and particle physics share a common problem: we still don’t have a description of the main ingredients of the Universe from the point of view of its energy budget. Addressing these fascinating issues, and offering a balanced introduction to particle and astroparticle physics that requires only a basic understanding of quantum and classical physics, this book is a valuable resource, particularly for advanced undergraduate students and for those embarking on graduate courses. It includes exercises that offer readers practical insights. It can be used equally well as a self-study book, a reference and a textbook.
These peer-reviewed NIC XV conference proceedings present the latest major advances in nuclear physics, astrophysics, astronomy, cosmochemistry and neutrino physics, which provide the necessary framework for a microscopic understanding of astrophysical processes. The book also discusses future directions and perspectives in the various fields of nuclear astrophysics research. In addition, it also includes a limited number of section of more general interest on double beta decay and dark matter.
Describes the branch of astronomy in which processes in the universe are investigated with experimental methods employed in particle-physics experiments. After a historical introduction the basics of elementary particles, Explains particle interactions and the relevant detection techniques, while modern aspects of astroparticle physics are described in a chapter on cosmology. Provides an orientation in the field of astroparticle physics that many beginners might seek and appreciate because the underlying physics fundamentals are presented with little mathematics, and the results are illustrated by many diagrams. Readers have a chance to enter this field of astronomy with a book that closes the gap between expert and popular level.
The scope of the book is to give an overview of the history of astroparticle physics, starting with the discovery of cosmic rays (Victor Hess, 1912) and its background (X-ray, radioactivity). The book focusses on the ways in which physics changes in the course of this history. The following changes run parallel, overlap, and/or interact: - Discovery of effects like X-rays, radioactivity, cosmic rays, new particles but also progress through non-discoveries (monopoles) etc. - The change of the description of nature in physics, as consequence of new theoretical questions at the beginning of the 20th century, giving rise to quantum physics, relativity, etc. - The change of experimental methods, cooperations, disciplinary divisions. With regard to the latter change, a main topic of the book is to make the specific multi-diciplinary features of astroparticle physics clear.
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