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Table of Contents: 1. Protease/inhibitor interactions in plant-pest systems: a brief overview, 2. Control of Phytophagous insect pests using serine protease inhibitors, 3. Cystatin-based control of insects, with special erference to Oryzacystatin.
Plant protease inhibitors are diverse in number & specificity towards various proteolytic enzymes.
Plant proteases are involved in most aspects of plant physiology and development, playing key roles in the generation of signaling molecules and as regulators of essential cellular processes such as cell division and metabolism. They take part in important pathways like protein turnover by the degradation of misfolded proteins and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and they are responsible for post-translational modifications of proteins by proteolysis at highly specific sites. Proteases are also implicated in a great variety of environmentally controlled processes, including mobilization of storage proteins during seed germination, development of seedlings, senescence, programmed cell death and defense mechanisms against pests and pathogens. However, in spite of their importance, little is known about the functions and mode of actions of specific plant proteases. This Research Topic collects contributions covering diverse aspects of plant proteases research.
Scientific Study from the year 2011 in the subject Biology - Human Biology, , course: Post Graduate Doctoral Studies, language: English, abstract: This book chapter covers the previous and current research on plant protease inhibitors being conducted worldwide since its identification. Plant protease inhibitors exists as natural defense mechanism in plants. Solanaceous plants have highly been explored for the protease inhibitor expression and function against various insects of the order lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera and many more. Plant protease inhibitors are the well studied class of plant defensive proteins. High level of up-regulation upon insect damage, significantly elevated levels in reproductive and storage organs as well as specificity to pest proteases ascertain their defensive function. In the present chapter, we introduced molecular basis of plant-insect interactions and focused on different classes of protease inhibitors based on their target protease(s).
Abstract: The interplay between proteases and protease inhibitors during plant-pathogen interaction represents a common strategy for defense and counter-defense. The plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora mirabilis secrete effectors such as protease inhibitors that facilitate host colonization through a defense-counterdefense mechanism. The P. infestans serine protease inhibitors EPI1 and EPI10 physically bind and inhibit the tomato serine protease P69B. On the other hand, the P. infestans cysteine protease inhibitor EPIC2B targets PIP1, a papain-like protease that has close similarity to another tomato cysteine protease Rcr3, which is required for the fungal resistance and Avr2 hypersensitivity in Cf-2 tomato. The objective of this research is to characterize these protease inhibitors and their association with specific targets in the host. We studied the structure and activities of these protease inhibitors and their target proteases using recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana. PIP1-His was pulled down using coimmunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG resin from N. benthamiana apoplast by recombinant protein FLAG-EPIC2B, suggesting physical interaction of EPIC2B and PIP1. Similarly, tomato protease Rcr3pim was shown to be a common target for both the Cladosporium fulvum effector Avr2 and P. infestans effector EPIC2B using pull down assays and DCG-04 activity profiling. However, unlike Avr2, EPIC2B is a reversible inhibitor of Rcr3pim and does not trigger hypersensitivity on Cf-2/Rcr3pim tomato. We also found that the rcr3-3 mutant of tomato that carries a premature stop codon in the Rcr3 gene exhibits enhanced susceptibility to P. infestans, suggesting a role for Rcr3pim in basal defense. It appears that relative to C. fulvum, P. infestans evolved a cunning effector that carries virulence activity without triggering plant innate immunity. Like EPIC1, PmEPIC1, an EPIC1 homolog from P. mirabilis, was also found to bind Rcr3pim but not PIP1. Unlike EPIC2B, neither EPIC1 nor PmEPIC1 binds or inhibits PIP1. This work was possible by the ability to express and purify proteins in the apoplast of N. benthamiana. Three tomato proteases with C-terminal 6XHistidine tag were successfully expressed in N. benthamiana apoplast. Our findings suggest that C-terminal His-tagging of proteins in N. benthamiana apoplast is efficient enough to enable purification of functional proteins.
Scientific Study from the year 2011 in the subject Biology - Human Biology, grade: -, - (National Chemical Laboratory, Pune), course: Post Graduate Doctoral Studies, language: English, abstract: This book chapter covers the previous and current research on plant protease inhibitors being conducted worldwide since its identification. Plant protease inhibitors exists as natural defense mechanism in plants. Solanaceous plants have highly been explored for the protease inhibitor expression and function against various insects of the order lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera and many more. Plant protease inhibitors are the well studied class of plant defensive proteins. High level of up-regulation upon insect damage, significantly elevated levels in reproductive and storage organs as well as specificity to pest proteases ascertain their defensive function. In the present chapter, we introduced molecular basis of plant-insect interactions and focused on different classes of protease inhibitors based on their target protease(s).
Recombinant Proteins from Plants is one of the most exciting and fastest developing areas in biology. The latest molecular techniques are being applied to the exploitation of plants as novel expression systems for the p- duction and overproduction of heterologous and native proteins. Transgenic plant technology is currently used in three broad areas: the expression of - combinant proteins to improve crop quality by increasing disease/pest res- tance or increasing tolerance to stress, optimizing plant productivity and yield by the genetic manipulation of metabolic pathways, and the large-scale co- effective production of recombinant proteins for use as specialist industrial or therapeutic biomolecules. The intention of Recombinant Proteins from Plants is to provide c- prehensive and detailed protocols covering all the latest molecular approaches. Because the production oftransgenic plants has become routine in many la- ratories, coverage is also given to some of the more "classical" approaches to the separation, analysis, and characterization of recombinant proteins. The book also includes areas of research that we believe will become increasingly important in the near future: efficient transformation of monocots with Agrobacterium optimizing the stability of recombinant proteins, and a section highlighting the immunotherapeutic potential of plant-expressed proteins.
Analysis of transcriptomes from salivary glands and midgut of the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] identified a diverse set of cDNAs that were categorized into five groups, group I -- V, based on their phylogenetic relationship. All five of these groups may encode putative protease inhibitors based on structural similarity with known proteins. The sequences of these putative proteins among different groups are highly diversified. However, sequence identity and structural analysis of the proteins revealed that all of them contained high cysteine residues that were completely conserved at their respective positions among these otherwise diversified proteins. Analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA for two groups, group I (11A6) and group II (14A4), indicated that group I might be a single copy gene or genes with low copy number whereas group II exists as multiple copies clustered within the Hessian fly genome. To test the inhibitory activity and specificity of these putative proteins, recombinant proteins were generated. Enzymatic analysis of the recombinant proteins against commercial and insect gut proteases demonstrated that recombinant proteins indeed are strong inhibitors of proteases with different specificities. Northern analysis of the representative members of five groups revealed that the group I-IV genes were expressed exclusively in the larval stage with variations among groups at different larval stages. The group V (11C4) genes were expressed in the late larval and pupal stage. Tissue specific gene expression analysis revealed that group I-IV genes were predominantly expressed in malpighian tubules whereas the group V genes were abundantly expressed in the salivary glands. Localization experiments with the antibody for representative members from group II (14A4) demonstrated that the protein was predominantly localized in the malpighian tubules and in low amounts in the midgut, suggesting that malpighian tubules are the primary tissue of 14A4 inhibitor synthesis. The overall results indicated that the Hessian fly contains a complex network of genes that code for protease inhibitors which regulate protease activities through different developmental stages of the insect.
BIOPROSPECTING OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY FOR INDUSTRIAL MOLECULES A comprehensive collection of recent translational research on bioresource utilization and ecological sustainability Bioprospecting of Plant Biodiversity for Industrial Molecules provides an up-to-date overview of the ongoing search for biodiverse organic compounds for use in pharmaceuticals, bioceuticals, agriculture, and other commercial applications. Bringing together work from a panel of international contributors, this comprehensive monograph covers natural compounds of plants, endophyte enzymes and their applications in industry, plant bioprospecting in cosmetics, marine bioprospecting of seaweeds, and more. Providing global perspectives on bioprospecting of plant biodiversity, the authors present research on enzymes, mineral micro-nutrients, biopesticides, algal biomass, and other bioactive molecules. In-depth chapters assess the health impacts and ecological sustainability of the various biomolecules and identify existing and possible applications ranging from ecological restoration to production of essential oils and cosmetics. Other topics include, bio-energy crops as alternative fuel resources, the role of plants in phytoremediation of industrial waste, and the industrial applications of endophyte enzymes. This comprehensive resource: Includes a through introduction to plant biodiversity and bioprospecting Will further the knowledge of application of different plants and improve research investigation techniques. Summarizes novel approaches for researchers in food science, microbiology, biochemistry, and biotechnology Bioprospecting of Plant Biodiversity for Industrial Molecules is an indispensable compendium of biological research for scientists, researchers, graduate and postgraduate students, and academics in the areas of microbiology, food biotechnology, industrial microbiology, plant biotechnology, and microbial biotechnology.