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Various alloying additions have been discovered which render unalloyed chromium much less susceptible to low-temperature embrittlement as well as to nitridation in air at elevated temperatures. These include additions of the Group IIIA metals, magnesia, and carbides based on the Groups IVA and VA metals. Of these additions, only the carbides contribute significantly to the hot strengthening of chromium. The combination of selected carbides and solid-solution-strengthening elements such as tungsten, molybdenum, and/or tantalum, has resulted in experimental alloys which retain useful strengths at temperatures through 1316 C (2400 F). These high strengths are achieved at some sacrifice in the low-temperature ductility of chromium. Also, despite the improvements afforded in the oxidation and nitridation resistance of chromium through alloying, no alloys are available which are capable of service in long-time exposures in air above 982 C (1800 F) without suffering some property degradation.
Chromium containing alloys such as ferritic or austenitic steels and nickel-base alloys generally show good oxidation and corrosion resistance as well as high strength, and have been widely used for components in chemical plant, power plant or aircrafts. However, it seems to be necessary to introduce a new technology for further application of these alloys. Nano-structured materials have recently drawn considerable attention, because these materials sometimes show very high strength without serious loss of ductility compared to the materials with deformed microstructure formed by usual processing, and also have large internal friction. This book discusses the composition, properties, electrodeposition, and the applications of chromium alloys. It also provides information on the production of nano-structured chromium-containing alloys.
A compilation is presented of original test data on emittance, reflectance, and adsorptance of Cr, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W. The data were taken from the literature published during the period 1940-1959 inclusive, and as much of the 1960 literature as could be obtained. The following sources were searched: Chemical Abstracts, Ceramic Abstracts, Metallurgical Abstracts, Nuclear Science Abstracts, and the files of the Defense Metals Information Center (DMIC). An attempt was made to evaluate these sources of data according to the apparent thoroughness of methods and techniques as described by the various investigators. In many cases the descriptions in the literature are a summary of methods and results, and a complete evaluation is impossible. Curves are presented which appear to indicate the most probable values for the various conditions and materials. (Author).
Includes the institute's Proceedings.