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The branch of study which focuses on the nerve cells as well as the manner in which they transmit and receive information is termed as neurophysiology. There are various methods of research within this field, a few of which are using patch clamp, extracellular single-unit recording, voltage clamp for electrophysiological recording. Close loop neurophysiology is one of the approaches to the study of neural systems wherein the neural behavior and activity is recorded and used to deliver a real time activity-dependent stimulation. This approach considers the brain to be a set of loops which is interacting with and among itself as well as with the environment in a relational fashion. This book explores all the important aspects of closed-loop neurophysiology in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.
Closed-loop neurophysiology has been accelerated by recent software and hardware developments and by the emergence of novel tools to control neuronal activity with spatial and temporal precision, in which stimuli are delivered in real time based on recordings or behavior. Real-time stimulation feedback enables a wide range of innovative studies of information processing and plasticity in neuronal networks. This Research Topic e-Book comprises 16 Original Research Articles, seven Methods Articles, and seven Reviews, Mini- Reviews, and Perspectives, all peer-reviewed and published in Frontiers in Neural Circuits. The contributions deal with closed loop neurophysiology experiments at a variety of levels of neural circuit complexity. Some include modeling and theoretical analyses. New enabling technologies and techniques are described. Novel work is presented from experiments in vitro, in vivo, and in humans, along with their clinical and technological implications for improving the human condition.
Neurophysiology is the branch of physiology and neuroscience which is concerned with the study of nerve cells as they transmit and receive information. It focuses on the study of the brain and spinal cord, and their connection to the mental health. Some of the methods used for research in the field of neurophysiology are electrophysiological recordings such as voltage clamp, patch clamp, extracellular single-unit recording and recording of local field potentials. Closed-loop neuroscience is referred to as a field of study that considers the brain as a loop that interacts with itself, among themselves and with the environment in a relative manner. Closed loop neurophysiology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.
Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders which disrupt the connections within the brain and between brain and body causing impairments of primary functions and paralysis. Such a number is likely to increase in the next years and current assistive technology is yet limited. A possible response to such disabilities, offered by the neuroscience community, is given by Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) and neuroprostheses. The latter field of research is highly multidisciplinary, since it involves very different and disperse scientific communities, making it fundamental to create connections and to join research efforts. Indeed, the design and development of neuroprosthetic devices span/involve different research topics such as: interfacing of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles to human brain), bio-artificial interfaces for stimulation (e.g. micro-stimulation, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation) and recording (e.g. EMG: Electromyography, EEG: Electroencephalography, LFP: Local Field Potential), innovative signal processing tools for coding and decoding of neural activity, biomimetic artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) and neural network modeling. In order to develop functional communication with the nervous system and to create a new generation of neuroprostheses, the study of closed-loop systems is mandatory. It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improvements in task performance, usability, and embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. The bi-directional communication between living neurons and artificial devices is the main final goal of those studies. However, closed-loop systems are still uncommon in the literature, mostly due to requirement of multidisciplinary effort. Therefore, through eBook on closed-loop systems for next-generation neuroprostheses, we encourage an active discussion among neurobiologists, electrophysiologists, bioengineers, computational neuroscientists and neuromorphic engineers. This eBook aims to facilitate this process by ordering the 25 contributions of this research in which we highlighted in three different parts: (A) Optimization of different blocks composing the closed-loop system, (B) Systems for neuromodulation based on DBS, EMG and SNN and (C) Closed-loop BMIs for rehabilitation.
Closed Loop Neuroscience addresses the technical aspects of closed loop neurophysiology, presenting the implementation of these approaches spanning several domains of neuroscience, from cellular and network neurophysiology, through sensory and motor systems, and then clinical therapeutic devices. Although closed-loop approaches have long been a part of the neuroscientific toolbox, these techniques are only now gaining popularity in research and clinical applications. As there is not yet a comprehensive methods book addressing the topic as a whole, this volume fills that gap, presenting state-of-the-art approaches and the technical advancements that enable their application to different scientific problems in neuroscience. Presents the first volume to offer researchers a comprehensive overview of the technical realities of employing closed loop techniques in their work Offers application to in-vitro, in-vivo, and hybrid systems Contains an emphasis on the actual techniques used rather than on specific results obtained Includes exhaustive protocols and descriptions of software and hardware, making it easy for readers to implement the proposed methodologies Encompasses the clinical/neuroprosthetic aspect and how these systems can also be used to contribute to our understanding of basic neurophysiology Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field from around the globe – the broadest, most expert coverage available
Including some of the newest advances in the field of neurophysiology, this book can be considered as one of the treasures that interested scientists would like to collect. It discusses many disciplines of clinical neurophysiology that are, currently, crucial in the practice as they explain methods and findings of techniques that help to improve diagnosis and to ensure better treatment. While trying to rely on evidence-based facts, this book presents some new ideas to be applied and tested in the clinical practice. Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology is important not only for the neurophysiologists but also for clinicians interested or working in wide range of specialties such as neurology, neurosurgery, intensive care units, pediatrics and so on. Generally, this book is written and designed to all those involved in, interpreting or requesting neurophysiologic tests.
Closed-loop neurophysiology has been accelerated by recent software and hardware developments and by the emergence of novel tools to control neuronal activity with spatial and temporal precision, in which stimuli are delivered in real time based on recordings or behavior. Real-time stimulation feedback enables a wide range of innovative studies of information processing and plasticity in neuronal networks. This Research Topic e-Book comprises 16 Original Research Articles, seven Methods Articles, and seven Reviews, Mini- Reviews, and Perspectives, all peer-reviewed and published in Frontiers in Neural Circuits. The contributions deal with closed loop neurophysiology experiments at a variety of levels of neural circuit complexity. Some include modeling and theoretical analyses. New enabling technologies and techniques are described. Novel work is presented from experiments in vitro, in vivo, and in humans, along with their clinical and technological implications for improving the human condition.
Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders which disrupt the connections within the brain and between brain and body causing impairments of primary functions and paralysis. Such a number is likely to increase in the next years and current assistive technology is yet limited. A possible response to such disabilities, offered by the neuroscience community, is given by Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) and neuroprostheses. The latter field of research is highly multidisciplinary, since it involves very different and disperse scientific communities, making it fundamental to create connections and to join research efforts. Indeed, the design and development of neuroprosthetic devices span/involve different research topics such as: interfacing of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles to human brain), bio-artificial interfaces for stimulation (e.g. micro-stimulation, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation) and recording (e.g. EMG: Electromyography, EEG: Electroencephalography, LFP: Local Field Potential), innovative signal processing tools for coding and decoding of neural activity, biomimetic artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) and neural network modeling. In order to develop functional communication with the nervous system and to create a new generation of neuroprostheses, the study of closed-loop systems is mandatory. It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improvements in task performance, usability, and embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. The bi-directional communication between living neurons and artificial devices is the main final goal of those studies. However, closed-loop systems are still uncommon in the literature, mostly due to requirement of multidisciplinary effort. Therefore, through eBook on closed-loop systems for next-generation neuroprostheses, we encourage an active discussion among neurobiologists, electrophysiologists, bioengineers, computational neuroscientists and neuromorphic engineers. This eBook aims to facilitate this process by ordering the 25 contributions of this research in which we highlighted in three different parts: (A) Optimization of different blocks composing the closed-loop system, (B) Systems for neuromodulation based on DBS, EMG and SNN and (C) Closed-loop BMIs for rehabilitation.
International Review of Neurobiology serial highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the International Review of Neurobiology series