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4 Water Sources ........................................ 149 Criteria ............................................. 149 Major types .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 152 5 Water Treatment ...................................... 155 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials ............................................ 155 Treatment options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 . . . . . . . . . . . System design ........................................ 169 System monitoring and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 . . . . . . . . Environmental considerations .............................. 174 Summary ............................................ 174 6 Culture Units ......................................... 175 Considerations in choosing culture units ...................... 175 Characteristics of culture units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 . . . . . . . . Applications of culture units .............................. 191 Hatchery design " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 210 7 Obtaining Fish for Stocking . ............................. 211 Stock from the wild .................................... 211 Stock from the hatchery ................................. 211 Spermatogenesis (sperm formation) ....................... 232 Oogenesis (egg formation) ............................. 232 Oocyte maturation ................................... 233 Endocrine control of oocyte maturation and ovulation .......... 237 fuduced ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 . . . . . . . . . . Timing and egg quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 . . . . . . . . . Artificial fertilization ................................. 265 Care of eggs ....................................... 267 Storage of gametes ................. ' .................. 269 Natural ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 . . . . . . . . . . Care of broodfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 . . . . . . . . . . Egg collection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 . . . . . . . . . . fuduced vs natural ovulation ............................ 290 Broodfish adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 . . . . . . . . . . Examples ............................................ 291 Genetic considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 . . . . . . . . . . Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 . . . . . . . . . . . . Sex control .......................................... 296 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi 8 Nutrition of Larval Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 . . . . . . . . . . Feeding criteria ....................................... 299 Choice and culture of foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 . . . . . . . . . General feeding practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 . . . . . . . . . . Specific feeding practices ................................ 352 General methods used in our hatchery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 . . . . . . . Industrial-scale larval food processing in Italian hatcheries ......... 373 Summary ............................................ 374 9 Nutrition of Juvenile and Adult Fish ...................... 375 ............................. 375 Requirements and components Broodstock nutrition .................................... 407 Nutritional disorders .................................... 408 Environmental considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . Feed studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . Suggested feed formulas ................................. 460 Making and storing feeds ................................ 461 Feeding methods ...................................... 464 Summary ............................................ 467 10 Energetics ............................................ 469 Energy budget components and influencing factors . . . . . . . . . . . 469 . . . .
The importance of copepods in aquaculture has long been recognized, especially in the larval rearing of many marine fishes. This timely publication provides a single source of information on copepod biology, culture methods and practical use in marine finfish hatcheries. Originating out of a workshop held on copepods by the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii, this proceedings includes review articles and papers presented by leading international experts in copepod biology and aquaculture. It is a seminal work that integrates the most up-to-date information on selecting copepod species, effects of algal species on reproduction, ways to increase production, the nutritional value of copepods, behavioral characteristics of copepods, potential use of copepod nauplii and eggs, and their application to larval rearing of various marine finfish species.
This proceedings volume includes selected papers presented at the international symposium `Live Food Organisms in Marine Larviculture' held in Nagasaki, Japan, September 1-4 1996. This international symposium focused on live food organisms for the larval rearing of marine animals. Recent achievements in the fundamental biology (such as physiology, ecology, taxonomy, life cycle and nutrition) of live planktonic animals used as feed in aquaculture were combined with recent technological advances on larval rearing methods. This volume also provides future directions for the application of basic science to the rearing of aquatic animals.
THE LARVAL LIFE AND HISTORY OF MARINE FISHES.
The Fifth International Rotifer Symposium was organized by Dr. Claudia Ricci and held in the northern Italian town of Gargnano (Brescia) from September 12-17, 1988. Through the generosity of the Rector of Milano University, a beautiful villa on the shores of Lake Garda was made available to the 83 people from 20 countries who attended the symposium. Ten of these rotifer workers had attended the four previous meetings. Such symposia serve three major functions, the results of which will be apparent in the papers contained in this volume. First, because of the heterogeneity of interests and absence of concurrent sessions, the attendees are exposed to an unusually large variety of research problems, approaches and modes of interpretation. Bridges are thus built between one's own investigations and developments in the field as a whole. Second, the extensive informal interactions that occur outside of the meeting room during coffee breaks, dinners and excursions provide remarkable opportunities for research planning and sharing of results of work in progress. Third, the acquaintances established at these meetings have facilitated interactions during the three-year intervals between symposia. The result has been that visits between laboratories, acquisition of research materials from distant sources and coordination of related investi gations have all been greatly enhanced. A description of the week's events may serve to convey the ambience of the meeting.
This book highlights the latest advances in rotifer studies in various fields including aquaculture, ecology, gerontology and ecotoxicology. The genus Brachionus are an indispensable type of zooplankton, having served as an initial live food for marine larval rearing since the 1960s. Their mass culture techniques have been intensively studied, and some essential achievements have been made – regarding high density culture, employment of valuable dietary algae, automated culture systems, and effective production of resting eggs. These have in turn supported stable and efficient aquatic seedling production for numerous important marine fish species including flounder, sea bream, and bluefin tuna. Further, this group is considered to be a suitable model for studying various aspects in ecology. A series of aquaculture and basic science studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the life history evolution. The studies in these two fields are closely linked, and provide readers with comprehensive information on how rotifers are now being employed in biological investigations.