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Compatibilization of Polymer Blends: Micro and Nano Scale Phase Morphologies, Interphase Characterization and Properties offers a comprehensive approach to the use of compatibilizers in polymer blends, examining both fundamental and advanced knowledge in the field. The book begins by introducing polymer blends, describing thermodynamics, miscibility, and phase separation, and explaining the main concepts of compatibilization. Other sections cover theoretical approaches for nearly compatible blends, incompatible blends, nanofillers, physical compatibilization, reactive compatibilization, morphological and structural characterization, and physico-mechanical characterization. Finally, key application areas are covered, including biomedical applications, packaging and automobile engineering. While this book will be a highly valuable reference source for academics, researchers and postgraduate students interested in polymer blends, it will also be ideal for anyone involved in the fields of polymer science, polymer chemistry, polymer physics, materials science, scientists, R&D professionals, and engineers in involved in the development or engineering of polymer products. Offers detailed and systematic coverage of essential and advanced topics relating to the compatibilization of polymer blends Presents a critical analysis of the effect of compatibilization on morphology and thermal, mechanical, electrical and viscoelastic properties of polymer blends Draws on novel studies and state-of-the-art research, discussing the latest issues and developments
This first comprehensive overview of reactive extrusion technology for over a decade combines the views of contributors from both academia and industry who share their experiences and highlight possible applications and markets. They also provide updated information on the underlying chemical and physical concepts, summarizing recent developments in terms of the material and machinery used. As a result, readers will find here a compilation of potential applications for reactive extrusion to access new and cost-effective polymeric materials, while using existing compounding machines.
Written by an international group of highly respected contributors, this fundamental reference work covers all aspects of polymer blends: science, engineering, technology and applications.
This research has examined the use of functionalized polymers that react at the interfaces in polymer blends to form block or graft copolymers during melt processing. These grafts act as 'compatibilizers' that strengthen the interface and provide a powerful means of controlling blend phase morphology. Consequently, this approach provides an effective means of controlling the properties of multiphase polymeric materials. Most of the work involved the use of various polyamides as one component in the blend. The other component was a reactive elastomer, an ABS material, a core-shell impact modifier, or polypropylene. The end group configuration of the polyamide was shown to be an important consideration in morphology development. Functionalized additives are most efficient when both physical and chemical interactions are optimized. A variety of approaches for producing super-tough polyamide blends with low ductile-brittle transition temperatures are described. Cavitation of the rubber phase was shown to be an important part of the roughening mechanism in certain cases.
Major advancement has occurred in preparing useful polymer blends, in most cases using some form of compatibilization. While physical compatibilization using block copolymers was the technique of choice in the past, increasingly reactive approaches have been used. Much enabling technology is required to produce commercially viable blends including compatibilization chemistry, blend rheology, process equipment and morphology control. This volume is particularly suitable for students as a graduate level textbook and for practitioners trying to optimize these products and processes.
There has been considerable interest in recent years in the development of novel polymeric materials through blending rather than through development of new chemical structures. Blending may be chosen for several reasons, for example, tailoring properties to meet a specific need or simplifying recycling efforts by reducing separation procedures. Development of useful blends is challenged by the inherent immiscibility of most polymers with one another, which results in coarsely phase separated polymer mixtures in which the interphase interfaces are compositionally sharp and mechanically weak. Recent research efforts have concentrated on microstructural control through reactive compatibilization, a procedure in which functional groups are incorporated onto the polymer chains of the blend components and react during the processing to form copolymers that stabilize the dispersion. While some effort has been directed at understanding the relationship between reactivity and morphology, study of the effects of in-situ copolymer formation on the adhesion of interphase interfaces has been neglected. It is the purpose of this investigation to concentrate on both aspects of reactive compatibilization, morphology refinement and interphase adhesion.
Loaded with practical knowledge, Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications: A Concise Guide to Industrial Polymers comprehensively presents the state-of-art of methods and materials for the formulation of polymeric resins. It is an indispensable tool for chemists, engineers, and manufacturers who use, formulate, and cure raw materials into final products. The text focuses on the chemical modification of properties during the final stage of part fabrication from plastics. Newer applications range from the small scale, such as dental fillings, to industrial processes for batch fabrication. The book covers resin groups in major use in industry and under active research and development.
There has been considerable interest in recent years in the development of novel polymeric materials through blending rather than through development of new chemical structures. Blending may be chosen for several reasons, for example, tailoring properties to meet a specific need or simplifying recycling efforts by reducing separation procedures. Development of useful blends is challenged by the inherent immiscibility of most polymers with one another, which results in coarsely phase separated polymer mixtures in which the interphase interfaces are compositionally sharp and mechanically weak. Recent research efforts have concentrated on microstructural control through reactive compatibilization, a procedure in which functional groups are incorporated onto the polymer chains of the blend components and react during the processing to form copolymers that stabilize the dispersion. While some effort has been directed at understanding the relationship between reactivity and morphology, study of the effects of in-situ copolymer formation on the adhesion of interphase interfaces has been neglected. It is the purpose of this investigation to concentrate on both aspects of reactive compatibilization, morphology refinement and interphase adhesion.