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Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), as established by section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, have been the metric utilized for the assessment and monitoring of the water quality within watersheds. However, with limited gauge stations on the majority of water bodies throughout the United States, determining waterbody impairment has come to rely on hydrological models. This research analyzes the limitations of the TMDL framework and the limitations of the current state-of-the-science models in the context of the use of adequate datasets as well as the appropriateness of both the models and the imposed regulations to capture the proper processes propagating NPS pollution in the context of the reemergence of Lake Erie algal blooms. The Maumee River basin has been documented as the number one contributing source of nutrients responsible for algal blooms in Lake Erie’s Western Basin. This relationship has seen higher discharge values being correlated to increased algal bloom severity. Three analyses were completed. The first of these was an assessment of potential variability among datasets in order to look at the appropriateness of certain frequencies and lengths and to identify where potential sources of error may exist. Secondly, the impacts of chronic and acute loading were examined in order to solidify the understanding of the impacts of spring storm events and establish a context for a process-based evaluation of loading. Finally, a ratio analysis was performed on the chronic and acute loading components of discharge and loads from the Maumee River to evaluate the effectiveness of the SWAT model to capture the appropriate transport processes the watershed exhibits. The spring events were reaffirmed as the primary indicator of the strength of late summer algal blooms in Lake Erie’s Western Basin, establishing the importance of acute transport events and surface transport mechanisms in this region. Here, March flows correlated with blooms at an R2 of 0.72 with the late summer blooms. Evaluated against SWAT model output, SWAT data showed a shift towards chronic with a March ratio shift from 0.62 base/storm for the observed data to 0.95 for the SWAT modeled data. This shift towards baseflow transport processes indicate issues associated with appropriate parameterization in during the calibration and validation process.
"This manual contains overview information on treatment technologies, installation practices, and past performance."--Introduction.
The Chesapeake Bay is North America's largest and most biologically diverse estuary, as well as an important commercial and recreational resource. However, excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from human activities and land development have disrupted the ecosystem, causing harmful algae blooms, degraded habitats, and diminished populations of many species of fish and shellfish. In 1983, the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) was established, based on a cooperative partnership among the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the state of Maryland, and the commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the District of Columbia, to address the extent, complexity, and sources of pollutants entering the Bay. In 2008, the CBP launched a series of initiatives to increase the transparency of the program and heighten its accountability and in 2009 an executive order injected new energy into the restoration. In addition, as part of the effect to improve the pace of progress and increase accountability in the Bay restoration, a two-year milestone strategy was introduced aimed at reducing overall pollution in the Bay by focusing on incremental, short-term commitments from each of the Bay jurisdictions. The National Research Council (NRC) established the Committee on the Evaluation of Chesapeake Bay Program Implementation for Nutrient Reduction in Improve Water Quality in 2009 in response to a request from the EPA. The committee was charged to assess the framework used by the states and the CBP for tracking nutrient and sediment control practices that are implemented in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to evaluate the two-year milestone strategy. The committee was also to assess existing adaptive management strategies and to recommend improvements that could help CBP to meet its nutrient and sediment reduction goals. The committee did not attempt to identify every possible strategy that could be implemented but instead focused on approaches that are not being implemented to their full potential or that may have substantial, unrealized potential in the Bay watershed. Because many of these strategies have policy or societal implications that could not be fully evaluated by the committee, the strategies are not prioritized but are offered to encourage further consideration and exploration among the CBP partners and stakeholders.