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This book presents the rationale behind the design and development of the programming language Ada. The materials incorporating corrections to its original printing by the Ada Joint Program Office (AJPO), will be essential reading for all those currently using the language as well as those considering its adoption.
Contents: Lexical and Textual Structure; Classical Programming; Types; Numeric Types; Access Types; Derived Types; Subprograms; Packages; Separate Compilation and Libraries; General Program Structure - Visibility and Overloading; Generic Units; Tasking; Exception Handling; Representation Clauses and Machine Dependencies; Input-Output.
This document, the Rationale for the design of the Green programming language, and the companion Reference Manual, are the two defining documents for the Green language. They serve different purposes. The Reference Manual contains a complete and concise definition of the language. Following Wirth we believe in the virtue of having a rather short reference manual. This has the advantage of providing the information in a form that can easily be consulted, read and reread several times, as the basis for developing a good familarity with the language.
The ADA programming language was first used by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1980s. They wanted to develop a centralized and standardized computer programming language, because there were thousands of languages in use, most of which were designed for just one system. ADA was officially standardized in 1979 and exclusively controlled by the Department of Defense, but they released the language to the public in 1987. Today, many industries use ADA, which is now defined by an international programming standards called the language reference manual (LRM).ADA is a highly advanced programming language that is designed according to the fundamental software engineering principles of efficiency, reliability, portability and maintainability. ADA provides everything from information hiding to abstract data types to concurrent-oriented programming functionality. Almost all professional ADA programmers follow a controlled validation process that eliminates poor practices and vulnerabilities that were possible through old languages like C. Ada is a highly flexible and structured object-oriented computer programming language.There are many reasons why ADA is globally popular. The syntax is very easy to learn, so users can create basic code in just a few minutes. Thus, it is easy for users to follow the program semantics and the connections between ideas, functions and language constructs. The ADA programming language is so powerful that it is mainly limited by the creativity and competency of the programmer. ADA has excellent error handling, support for distributed systems and implementation of abstract data types and package encapsulation.Programmers prefer ADA for different reasons. First, organizations will save on development costs because ADA does not require extended testing, upgrades and quality assurance checks. Instead, it was designed with embedded checks so that users can quickly and effectively detect errors that would be caught during the debugging process with C-based languages. Second, ADA is a mature, well-established language that has experienced different versions, such as ADA 83 in the 1980s, ADA 95 in the 1990s and ADA 2005 in recent years. During every new release, practical functionality and run-time efficiency are the top priorities.
Ada 2012 is the latest version of the international standard for the programming language Ada. It is designated ISO/IEC 8652:2012 (E) and is a new edition replacing the 2005 version. The primary goals for the new version were to further enhance its capabilities particularly in those areas where its reliability and predictability are of great value. Many important new features have been included such as those defining dynamic contracts and for handling multiprocessors and are integrated within the existing language framework in an elegant and coherent manner. The Ada 2012 Rationale describes not only the changes from Ada 2005 but also the reason for the changes. It starts with an introduction providing a general overview and this is followed by seven chapters focusing on contracts and aspects; extended expressions; structure and visibility; tasking and real time; iterators and pools; predefined library and containers. The book concludes with an epilogue largely concerned with compatibility issues.
Ada 2005 is the latest version of the International Standard for the programming language Ada. Formally, it is an Amendment of ISO/IEC 8652:1995 (E) rather than a completely new standard. The primary goals for the new version were to enhance its capabilities particularly in those areas where its reliability and predictability are of great value. Accordingly, a number of intriguing and attractive ideas have been included and implemented in a coherent manner as appropriate to the level of perfection necessary for the diligent maintenance of a language standard. The Ada 2005 Rationale describes not only the changes from Ada 95 but also the reason for the changes. It starts with an introduction providing a general overview and this is followed by seven chapters focusing on OOP; access types; structure and visibility; tasking and real time; exceptions, generics, etc.; the predefined library; and containers. The book concludes with an epilogue largely concerned with compatibility issues.
Ada* is unquestionably one of the most significant programming languages to emerge in the last decade. The manner of its inception and support by the US Department of Defense (DoD) ensures that it will be used extensively for the indefinite future in programming large and complex systems. The growing availability of compilers means that many organisations are already committed to using the language for sizable and significant applications. As a perhaps inevitable result of its design goals, Ada is a "large" language. It has Pascal-like control and type constructs; a mechanism for exception handling; a package structure for information hiding, decomposition and separate compilation; facilities for low-level programming; and a tasking model of concurrency. It is perhaps this last area that has generated most debate, criticism and disagreement. The purpose of this book is to review the tasking model in the light of the extensive analysis and comment which has appeared in the literature. The review is necessarily wide-ranging, including discussion of - Ada as a general purpose concurrent programming language, - Ada as a language for embedded and distributed systems, - implementation issues, with particular reference to distributed systems, - formal semantics, specification and verification, - proposed language modifications. By consolidating this discussion within the confines of a single review, potential users of the tasking facility are enabled to familiarise themselves with all the factors which may impinge upon the performance, reliability and correctness of their software. The book also provides a focus for any debate on modifications to the Ada language, or developments from it.