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Moral systems, like normative systems more broadly, involve complex mental representations. Rational Rules proposes that moral learning can be understood in terms of general-purpose rational learning procedures. Nichols argues that statistical learning can help answer a wide range of questions about moral thought: Why do people think that rules apply to actions rather than consequences? Why do people expect new rules to be focused on actions rather than consequences? How do people come to believe a principle of liberty, according to which whatever is not expressly prohibited is permitted? How do people decide that some normative claims hold universally while others hold only relative to some group? The resulting account has both empiricist and rationalist features: since the learning procedures are domain-general, the result is an empiricist theory of a key part of moral development, and since the learning procedures are forms of rational inference, the account entails that crucial parts of our moral system enjoy rational credentials. Moral rules can also be rational in the sense that they can be effective for achieving our ends, given our ecological settings. Rational Rules argues that at least some central components of our moral systems are indeed ecologically rational: they are good at helping us attain common goals. Nichols argues that the account might be extended to capture moral motivation as a special case of a much more general phenomenon of normative motivation. On this view, a basic form of rule representation brings motivation along automatically, and so part of the explanation for why we follow moral rules is that we are built to follow rules quite generally.
John Rawls is widely regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century, and his work has permanently shaped the nature and terms of moral and political philosophy, deploying a robust and specialized vocabulary that reaches beyond philosophy to political science, economics, sociology, and law. This volume is a complete and accessible guide to Rawls' vocabulary, with over 200 alphabetical encyclopaedic entries written by the world's leading Rawls scholars. From 'basic structure' to 'burdened society', from 'Sidgwick' to 'strains of commitment', and from 'Nash point' to 'natural duties', the volume covers the entirety of Rawls' central ideas and terminology, with illuminating detail and careful cross-referencing. It will be an essential resource for students and scholars of Rawls, as well as for other readers in political philosophy, ethics, political science, sociology, international relations and law.
Should you care less about your distant future? What about events in your life that have already happened? How should the passage of time affect your planning and assessment of your life? Most of us think it is irrational to ignore the future but completely harmless to dismiss the past. But this book argues that rationality requires temporal neutrality: if you are rational you don't engage in any kind of temporal discounting. The book draws on puzzles about real-life planning to build the case for temporal neutrality. How much should you save for retirement? Does it make sense to cryogenically freeze your brain after death? How much should you ask to be compensated for a past injury? Will climate change make your life meaningless? Meghan Sullivan considers what it is for you to be a person extended over time, how time affects our ability to care about ourselves, and all of the ways that our emotions might bias our rational planning. Drawing substantially from work in social psychology, economics and the history of philosophy, the book offers a systematic new theory of rational planning.
The author shares his insights into achieving success in every area of life--from business and financial security to romance.
Lara Buchak sets out a new account of rational decision-making in the face of risk. She argues that the orthodox view (expected utility theory) is too narrow, and suggests an alternative, more permissive theory: one that allows individuals to pay attention to the worst-case or best-case scenario, and vindicates the ordinary decision-maker.
One of Hegel’s most controversial and confounding claims is that “the real is rational and the rational is real.” In this book, one of the world’s leading scholars of Hegel, Jean-François Kervégan, offers a thorough analysis and explanation of that claim, along the way delivering a compelling account of modern social, political, and ethical life. ?Kervégan begins with Hegel’s term “objective spirit,” the public manifestation of our deepest commitments, the binding norms that shape our existence as subjects and agents. He examines objective spirit in three realms: the notion of right, the theory of society, and the state. In conversation with Tocqueville and other theorists of democracy, whether in the Anglophone world or in Europe, Kervégan shows how Hegel—often associated with grand metaphysical ideas—actually had a specific conception of civil society and the state. In Hegel’s view, public institutions represent the fulfillment of deep subjective needs—and in that sense, demonstrate that the real is the rational, because what surrounds us is the product of our collective mindedness. This groundbreaking analysis will guide the study of Hegel and nineteenth-century political thought for years to come.
Those who give primacy to evidence in the apologetic task have long maintained that (1) this is exactly the biblical writers' approach - maintaining, as they do, that they ""saw and heard"" the things of which they speak - and (2) such reasoning is funda- mental to society in general, as exemplified in every civilised legal system. Henry Hock Guan Teh concretises these vital points by way of the Gospel of John, where the Apostle consistently marshals eyewitness evidence to show that ""Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you might have life through His name"" (John 20:31). No finer or more scholarly support for a biblically grounded, factual, juridically sophisticated defence of Christian truth is available. Professional and lay evangelists - and anyone endeavouring to ""preach the gospel to every creature"" - simply must obtain and be- nefit from this book. And sceptical lawyers, needless to say, owe it to themselves to wrestle with the author's case for the only historical religion that holds up in court. John Warwick Montgomery, Ph.D., D.Théol., LL.D., Professor Emeritus of Law and Hu- manities, University of Bedfordshire, England; Distinguished Research Professor of Philosophy, Concordia University Wisconsin, USA; Director, International Academy of Apologetics, Evangelism and Human Rights, Strasbourg, France Dr. Teh's book is in the same genre as those by Simon Greenleaf professor Dr. John War- wick Montgomery, Craig Parton. Esq., and Prof. Dr. Ross Clifford. As can be seen by the title, Dr. Teh concentrates on the Gospel of John - chapter-by-chapter. His powerful ar- gument can even be comprehended by those of us not legally trained. Recommended. Dr. Rod Rosenbladt, Professor of Theology. Concordia University Irvine. 1517legacy.com This book will greatly help people understand the legal, historical and rational case for Christianity. Dr Henry Teh uniquely focuses on John's gospel and establishes the Case for Jesus Resurrection through the ""best"" evidence principle. This emphases on John's gospel establishes that it is a key text for Christian apologetics. The book is a compel- ling read for those who take 1 Peter 3:15 seriously. And for those who believe Jesus is a fairy-tale, it will cause them to reconsider the fact of his Resurrection. It is well written and a must addition to one's apologetic armoury. Rev Dr. Ross Clifford AM, Principal of Morling Theological College - Sydney, Australia Author of ""John Montgomery's Legal Apologetic"" Henry Hock Guan Teh obtained his Ph.D. from Trinity Theological Seminary, Indiana, USA where he studied apologetics under Prof. John Warwick Montgomery and also at International Academy of Apologetics, Evangelism & Human Rights, Strasbourg, France. With two British law degrees, he was also a trial lawyer and chief law examiner. Presently, Henry Teh is adjunct lecturer in Philosophy, Ethics and Law.
Rectifying misrepresentations of Popperian thought with a historical approach to Popper’s philosophy, Gattei reconstructs the logic of Popper’s development to show how one problem and its tentative solution led to a new problem.
This volume explores and analyses the continued relevance and ramifications of the original position, the central idea of John Rawls's political philosophy.