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What is Rational Pricing The assumption that asset prices, and consequently asset pricing models, will represent the arbitrage-free price of the asset is known as rational pricing. This assumption is based on the fact that any departure from this price will be "arbitraged away" throughout the process of rational pricing. In addition to being an essential component in the pricing of derivative instruments, this assumption is helpful in determining the value of fixed income securities, notably bonds. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Rational pricing Chapter 2: Arbitrage Chapter 3: Derivative (finance) Chapter 4: Financial economics Chapter 5: Black-Scholes model Chapter 6: Real options valuation Chapter 7: Forward contract Chapter 8: Binomial options pricing model Chapter 9: Convertible bond Chapter 10: Valuation (finance) Chapter 11: Risk-neutral measure Chapter 12: Swap (finance) Chapter 13: Bond valuation Chapter 14: Arbitrage pricing theory Chapter 15: Fixed income arbitrage Chapter 16: Business valuation Chapter 17: Asset pricing Chapter 18: Lattice model (finance) Chapter 19: Real business-cycle theory Chapter 20: Bootstrapping (finance) Chapter 21: Replicating portfolio (II) Answering the public top questions about rational pricing. (III) Real world examples for the usage of rational pricing in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Rational Pricing.
Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1974) (hereafter referred to as BSM) introduced the contingent claim approach (CCA) to the valuation of corporate debt and equity. The BSM modeling framework is also named the 'structural' approach to risky debt valuation. The CCA approach considers all stakeholders of the corporation as holding contingent claims on the assets of the corporation. Each claim holder has different priorities, maturities and conditions for payouts. It is based on the principle that all the assets belong to all the liability holders.In the structural approach the arrival of the default event relies on economic arguments for why firms default as it is explicitly related to the dynamics of the economic value of the firm. A standard structural model of default timing assumes that a corporation defaults when its assets drop to a sufficiently low level relative to its liabilities.The BSM modeling framework gives the basic fundamental version of the structural model where default is assumed to occur when the net asset value of the firm at the maturity of the pure-discount debt becomes negative, i.e., market value of the assets of the firm falls below the market value of the firm's liabilities. In a regime of limited liability, the shareholders of the firm have the option to default on the firm's debt. Equity can be viewed as a European call option on the firm's assets with a strike price equal to the face value of the firm's debt. Actually, CCA can be used to value all the components of the firm's liabilities. Option pricing models are used to value stocks, bonds, and many other types of corporate claims.Different versions of the model correspond to different assumptions about the conditions when a firm defaults. Merton (1974) assumes that the firm only defaults at the maturity date of the firm's outstanding debt when the net asset value of the firm, in market value terms, is negative. Others introduce other conditions for default. Also, different authors introduce more complicated capital structure with different kinds of bonds (e.g. senior and junior), warrants, corporate taxes, ESOP, and more. Volume 1: Foundations of CCA and Equity ValuationVolume 1 presents the seminal papers of Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973, 1974). This volume also includes papers that specifically price equity as a call option on the corporation. It introduces warrants, convertible bonds and taxation as contingent claims on the corporation. It highlights the strong relationship between the CCA and the Modigliani-Miller (M&M) Theorems, and the relation to the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM). Volume 2: CCA Approach to Corporate Debt ValuationVolume 2 concentrates on corporate bond valuation by introducing various types of bonds with different covenants as well as introducing various conditions that trigger default. While empirical evidence indicates that the simple Merton's model underestimates the credit spreads, additional risk factors like jumps can be used to resolve it. Volume 3: Issues in Corporate Finance with CCA ApproachVolume 3 includes papers that look at issues in corporate finance that can be explained with the CCA approach. These issues include the effect of dividend policy on the valuation of debt and equity, the pricing of employee stock options and many other issues of corporate governance. Volume 4: CCA Approach to Banking and Financial IntermediationVolume 4 focuses on the application of the contingent claim approach to banks and other financial intermediaries. Regulation of the banking industry led to the creation of new financial securities (e.g., CoCos) and new types of stakeholders (e.g., deposit insurers).
The sixteen essays in this collection are organized around five themes. The first group is concerned with the pricing implications of recent developments in the theory of the firm. The subject of the second group is wage-price guidelines, in theory and practice. The third set deals with pricing in regulated industries, with special attention to marginal cost pricing. Marketing models and empirical studies of pricing behavior are considered in the fourth set of essays. And the final group, closely related to this, deals with the rationality properties of business pricing decisions and the implications of pricing practices for antitrust enforcement. If a common view on pricing emerges from these provocative and timely papers; it is that an eclectic approach to pricing theories, policies, and practices appears at this stage to be appropriate, since neither neoclassical theory nor recent amendments, extensions, or alternatives to it appear individually rich enough to embrace the full range of variety that pricing behavior affords.
The Rational Consumer brings together eight articles that represent key points in the development of Robert Hall's ideas on consumption over the past two decades. Since the late 1960s, Robert Hall's research has had a significant impact on the macroeconomic study of consumer behavior. The Rational Consumer brings together eight articles that represent key points in the development of Hall's ideas on consumption over the past two decades. In his introduction, Hall puts this work into perspective, tying together his ideas and pointing to how consumer behavior should work in the future given what he has discovered.Working within the standard intertemporal models of consumption - the overlapping generations model and the infinite lifetime model - Hall's contributions to methodology have been especially important. Particularly noteworthy was his challenge to the prevalent model in which current consumption was seen as deriving from expected future income. Hall argued that consumption was, instead, based upon the actual present discounted value of future income.ContentsIntroduction - The Allocation of Wealth among the Generations of a Family that Lasts Forever - A Theory of Inheritance - The Dynamic Effects of Fiscal Policy in an Economy with Foresight - Consumption Taxes versus Income Taxes: Implications for Economic Growth - Stochastic Implications of the Life Cycle-Permanent Income Hypothesis: Theory and Evidence - The Sensitivity of Consumption to Transitory Income: Estimates from Panel Data on Households (with Frederic S. Mishkin) - Intertemporal Substitution in Consumption - Survey of Research on the Random Walk of Consumption - The Role of Consumption in Economic Fluctuations
This volume presents the proceedings of a workshop on geometry, topology, and markets held at The Fields Institute. The workshop was attended by eminent mathematicians and financial and economic theorists. Using a topological approach, the volume discusses new mathematics and its applications to social sciences and financial markets. Topics addressed at the workshop included new topological invariants for existence, characterization and computation of market equilibria and their relation to social choice and to other forms of resource allocation, competitive and co-operative systems, algebraic geometry and markets with increasing returns, computational complexity, and stochastic processes and financial markets.
This book theoretically and practically updates major economic ideas such as demand and supply, rational choice and expectations, bounded rationality, behavioral economics, information asymmetry, pricing, efficient market hypothesis, game theory, mechanism design, portfolio theory, causality and financial engineering in the age of significant advances in man-machine systems. The advent of artificial intelligence has changed many disciplines such as engineering, social science and economics. Artificial intelligence is a computational technique which is inspired by natural intelligence concepts such as the swarming of birds, the working of the brain and the pathfinding of the ants. Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theory: Skynet in the Market analyses the impact of artificial intelligence on economic theories, a subject that has not been studied. It also introduces new economic theories and these are rational counterfactuals and rational opportunity costs. These ideas are applied to diverse areas such as modelling of the stock market, credit scoring, HIV and interstate conflict. Artificial intelligence ideas used in this book include neural networks, particle swarm optimization, simulated annealing, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. It, furthermore, explores ideas in causality including Granger as well as the Pearl causality models.
For much of the past century, we have viewed the issue of parking from the driver’s seat. It follows that key narratives about parking reaffirm the immediate needs of the driver. A consequence of this approach is a failure to understand the significant damage that parking causes to the destination. That damage is amplified by ‘cheap, easy’ parking at the expense of place and access outcomes. Viewing parking from an urban planning and design perspective highlights different issues and opportunities. Five perspectives are offered: Place – If we gave drivers all the parking they wanted, the destination would not be worth visiting. Politics – Parking is intensely territorial, emotional, and prone to populism, and this is a barrier to strategic and sustainable parking reform. Policy – Parking tends to be focused on the ‘me, here and now’ needs of the driver at the expense of bigger picture and longer term policy objectives. Price – Subsidized parking exists behind opaque pricing mechanisms. In contrast, a transparent accounting of costs is a vehicle for strategic parking reform. Professional practice – Parking is a significant land-use issue, located at the juncture of transport and urban planning and design. Improving urban parking outcomes requires an integrated and collaborative planning process. An alternative view of parking is timely as new technologies and economies fundamentally change everything we understand about parking. A potential paradigm shift is in the making. Rethinking Parking provides a pathway to a better parking/place balance and access to destinations worth visiting. It is valuable reading for students and professionals engaged in transport, planning, urban access, and design.
Comprising contributions from a unique mixture of academics, standard setters and practitioners, and edited by an internationally recognized expert, this book, on a controversial and intensely debated topic, is the only definitive reference source available on the topics of fair value and financial reporting. Drawing chapters from a diverse range of contributors on different aspects of the subject together into one volume, it: examines the use of fair value in international financial reporting standards and the US standard SFAS 157 Fair Value Measurement, setting out the case for and against looks at fair value from a number of different theoretical perspectives, including possible future uses, alternative measurement paradigms and how it compares with other valuation models explores fair value accounting in practice, including audit, financial instruments, impairments, an investment banking perspective, approaches to fair value in Japan and the USA, and Enron’s use of fair value An outstanding resource, this volume is an indispensable reference that is deserving of a place on the bookshelves of both libraries and all those working in, studying, or researching the areas of international accounting, financial accounting and reporting.
Everything you need to pass Level II of the CMT Program CMT Level II 2020: Theory and Analysis fully prepares you to demonstrate competency applying the principles covered in Level I, as well as the ability to apply more complex analytical techniques. Covered topics address theory and history, market indicators, construction, confirmation, cycles, selection and decision, system testing, and statistical analysis. The Level II exam emphasizes trend, chart, and pattern analysis, as well as risk management concepts. This cornerstone guidebook of the Chartered Market Technician® Program will provide every advantage to passing Level II CMT Exam.
Focusing on recent developments in the field, American-Style Derivatives provides an extensive treatment of option pricing with emphasis on the valuation of American options on dividend-paying assets. This book reviews valuation principles for European contingent claims and extends the analysis to American contingent claims. It presents basic valuation principles for American options including barrier, capped, and multi-asset options. It also reviews numerical methods for option pricing and compares their relative performance. Ideal for students and researchers in quantitative finance, this material is accessible to those with a background in stochastic processes or derivative securities.