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Corrosion inhibitors are an important method for minimizing corrosion; however traditional inhibitors such as chromates pose environmental problems. Rare earth metals provide an important, environmentally-friendly alternative. This book provides a comprehensive review of current research and examines how rare earth metals can be used to prevent corrosion and applied to protect metals in such industries as aerospace and construction. Chapter 1 begins by examining the important need to replace chromate, and then goes on to discuss the chemistry of the rare earth metals and their related compounds. Chapter 2 considers the techniques that can be used to identify corrosion inhibition mechanisms and to test the levels of protection offered to different metals by rare earth compounds. Subsequent chapters consider in more detail how rare earth elements can be used as corrosion inhibitors in different forms and for different metals. This includes discussion on the potential of rare earth elements for self-healing, tunable and multifunctional coatings. Finally, chapter 10 considers the cost and availability of the rare earths and the potential health and environmental risks associated with extracting them. Provides a review of current research and examines how rare earth metals can be used to prevent corrosion and applied to protect metals in such industries as aerospace and construction Includes discussion on the potential of rare earth elements for self-healing, tunable and multifunctional coatings Considers the cost and availability of the rare earths and the potential health and environmental risks associated with extracting them
This thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of rare earth n-hydroxycinnamate (n-HOc), 3-(n`-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (n-hpp) and (E)-3-(n`-pyridyl)acrylate (n-pya)complexes (n = 2-4). The corrosion inhibition properties for mild steel in an aqueous environment are assessed for a selection of these complexes, representative of each of the ligand systems. In Chapter 2, a crystal structure for the complex [Ce(4HOc)4(H2O)(MeOH)2].(MeOH) was determined. The compounds La(4HOc)3(H2O)4, Pr(4HOc)3(H2O)3 and Pr(4HOc)3(H2O)4 were also obtained complementing the rare earth-4HOc complexes previously prepared. Powder XRD, analysis together with elemental analysis and TGA analysis of these compounds indicate that their structural profile are independent from the extents of hydration. In accordance with the aim of this study to investigate the influence of the hydroxy-substitution position on the cinnamates, two further series of rare earth complexes, namely with 3-hydroxycinnamate and 2-hydroxycinnamate ligands were also prepared. The[RE(3HOc)3(H2O)n].x(H2O) (RE = La and Ce, n = 2, x = 0.5; RE = Pr-Nd, Gd, Er, and Y, n =1, x = 1) complexes were analogous (based on unit cell data and powder XRD analysis) across the RE elements except Lu2(3HOc)5(OH)(H2O)6 which showed slight differences in the powder XRD. A ferric compound was also obtained, Fe2(3HOc)3(OH)3(H2O)2, and is the only non-rare earth compound in the thesis. The RE-2HOc compounds obtained can be grouped as follows, (Group I) [Ln(2HOc)3(H2O)].2(MeOH) (RE = La and Pr), (Group II)Ce(2HOc)3(H2O)5.5, (Group III) [Pr2(2HOc)5(OH)(H2O)2].4(H2O), (Group IV)Ln(2HOc)3(H2O)3, (Group V) [Gd(2HOc)3(solv)2]2.x(solv) (solv = MeOH and/or H2O; x = 0or 6) and [Er(2HOc)3(H2O)2]2.10(H2O), and (Group VI) [RE(2HOc)3(H2O)2]2.x(solv) (RE =Gd, x(solv) = 2H2O, 4MeOH; RE = Er, x(solv) = 10H2O; RE = Y, x(solv) = 2H2O). Three crystal structures were determined for this series of complexes,[RE(2HOc)3(MeOH)2]2.x(MeOH) (RE = Gd, x = 6; RE = Er, x = 5) (Group V), and[Er(2HOc)3(H2O)2]2.10(H2O) (Group VI).Chapter 3 contains a first report for the exciting new RE 3-(n`-hydroxyphenyl) propionate complexes (n = 2 and 4). This chapter investigates the influence on the structural chemistry of the RE complexes when the the -CH=CH- linker in the carboxylate ligand is reduced to aflexible -CH2-CH2- linker. The lanthanoid contraction is evident across the RE-4hpp andRE-2hpp complex series. There are two types of RE-4hpp (RE = La, Ce-Nd, Ho and Lu)complexes showing six different structural motifs across the series. Type I is monometallic with the complexes [La4(4hpp)12(H2O)6].4(H2O), [Ce(4hpp)3(H2O)][Ce(4hpp)3(H2O)2].(H2O).2.5(EtOH), [Ho(4hpp)3(H2O)2] and[Lu(4hpp)3].(H2O). The Type II complexes, [NaRE2(4hpp)7(H2O)2].3(H2O) (RE = Ce and Pr)and [NaNd2(4hpp)7(H2O)(MeOH)].(H2O).3(MeOH), are bimetallic. Five structural motifs are observed for the RE-2hpp (RE = La, Ce-Pr, Gd and Lu) complexes with the general composition [RE(2hpp)3(H2O)n].(H2O) (RE = Ce and Pr, n = 1; RE = La, Gd and Lu, n = 2).A second lutetium complex, [Lu2(2hpp)6(H2O)4].[Lu(2hpp)3(H2O)2].9(H2O).(MeOH) was also identified. The effect of the replacement of the phenyl-ring of the hydroxycinnamates by a pyridyl-ring is reported in Chapter 4. The [RE(4pya)3(H2O)2].x(solv) (RE = La, Pr, Sm and Y; solv = H2O/MeOH) complexes and [Lu(4pya)3(MeOH)2].3(H2O) complex are obtained. For the RE- 2pya series, the complexes [RE(2pya)3(H2O)2].x(H2O) (RE = La, Pr and Sm) and [RE(2pya)3].2(H2O) (RE = Ho and Lu) were obtained. Two PrIII crystal structures were determined for the complexes [Pr(4pya)3(H2O)2].(H2O).(MeOH) and[Pr(2pya)3(H2O)2].4(H2O). The latter complexes have never been reported before. Finally, Chapter 5 involves the screening of selected rare earth carboxylate complexes reported in Chapters 2, 3 and 4 for their corrosion inhibition properties for mild steel in 0.01M NaCl solution. Immersion tests were carried out as initial screenings and electrochemical measurements were also made. The effect of the different derivatisation of the hydroxycinnamate ligand in the rare earth complexes was investigated. The La(3HOc)3(H2O)4 complex was determined to have the best performance. The combined data obtained from the immersion tests and electrochemical measurements found that the -CH=CH- linker and the hydroxyphenyl-ring are essential functionalities for effective corrosion mitigation by the rare earth hydroxycinnamate-type complexes.
This book aims to provide readers with the latest and relevant trends in corrosion. Use of inhibitors is one of the most common, cheap, and globally followed methods for the protection of metals from aggressive solutions. The information contained in this book covers different corrosion inhibitors for different corrosive environments with sufficient experimental data, surface studies, and theoretical studies. These studies altogether will give readers a good view of the basic and advanced knowledge of corrosion inhibitors and will be of interest to students, academicians, and industrialists.
Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors: Principles, Designing, and Applications wraps up new developments in corrosion inhibitors and their current applications in real-life environments such as in strong acidic pickling and petroleum-based liquids. The book covers several types of environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors in detail. In addition, it highlights both established research and technology on industrial scale corrosion inhibitors and their rapidly emerging aspects and future research directions. Provides fundamental basics and applied practices of corrosion prevention at industrial scale Serves as a valuable reference for scientists and engineers who are searching modern design for industrial scale corrosion inhibitors Focuses on the most advanced industrial scale corrosion inhibitors, including current challenges during manufacturing Includes up-to-date reference material such as websites of interest and information about the latest research
A book to cover developments in corrosion inhibitors is long overdue. This has been addressed by Dr Sastri in a book which presents fundamental aspects of corrosion inhibition, historical developments and the industrial applications of inhibitors. The book deals with the electrochemical principles and chemical aspects of corrosion inhibition, such as stability of metal complexes, the Hammett equation, hard and soft acid and base principle, quantum chemical aspects and Hansch' s model and also with the various surface analysis techniques, e.g. XPS, Auger, SIMS and Raman spectroscopy, that are used in industry for corrosion inhibition. The applications of corrosion inhibition are wide ranging. Examples given in this book include: oil and gas wells, petrochemical plants, steel reinforced cement, water cooling systems, and many more. The final chapters discuss economic and environmental considerations which are now of prime importance. The book is written for researchers in academia and industry, practicing corrosion engineers and students of materials science, engineering and applied chemistry.
Phytochemistry in Corrosion Science covers the use of plant extracts/phytochemicals in corrosion mitigation with industrial applications. It explores innovative and characterization approaches toward the utilization of plant extracts and their phytochemicals as potential corrosion inhibitors for several metals and their alloys. Providing a comprehensive overview of the green aspects of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors, this book discusses the preparation of aqueous and organic phase extracts, and their advantages, disadvantages, and use for different aggressive media. It also examines aqueous and organic extracts that have been successfully used as corrosion inhibitors for various metals and electrolyte combinations. This book will be a useful reference for undergraduate and graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of phytochemistry, corrosion science and engineering, environmental science, chemical engineering, green chemistry, and mechanical/industrial engineering.
Cerium Oxide (CeO2): Synthesis, Properties and Applications provides an updated and comprehensive account of the research in the field of cerium oxide based materials. The book is divided into three main blocks that deal with its properties, synthesis and applications. Special attention is devoted to the growing number of applications of ceria based materials, including their usage in industrial and environmental catalysis and photocatalysis, energy production and storage, sensors, cosmetics, radioprotection, glass technology, pigments, stainless steel and toxicology. A brief historical introduction gives users background, and a final chapter addresses future perspectives and outlooks to stimulate future research. The book is intended for a wide audience, including students, academics and industrial researchers working in materials science, chemistry and physics. Addresses a wide range of applications of ceria-based materials, including catalysis, energy production and storage, sensors, cosmetics and toxicology Provides the fundamentals of ceria-based materials, including synthesis methods, materials properties, toxicology and surface chemistry Includes nanostructured ceria-based materials and a discussion of future prospects and outlooks
GRAFTED BIOPOLYMERS AS CORROSION INHIBITORS Comprehensive resource explaining the synthesis, characterization, and anticorrosive applications of green and environmentally benign grafted biopolymers and their derivatives Grafted Biopolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors highlight research and technology on sustainable grafted biopolymers as corrosion inhibitors and detail their rapidly emerging features and future research prospects. The many forms of grafted biopolymers and techniques for preventing corrosion are explored in relation to their macromolecular weights, chemical makeup, and distinctive molecular and electronic structures. The book covers state-of-the-art corrosion science and engineering as well as an in-depth, step-by-step exposition of knowledge on numerous corrosion systems and their role in contemporary industry. Each chapter include an introduction, isolation and purification, synthesis methods, worked examples, current applications, and future predictions. Edited and contributed to by well-known researchers, scientists and experts from academia and industry, Grafted Biopolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors includes information on: Basics of corrosion, economic adverse effects and its mitigation, and past and present developments and future directions of corrosion inhibition Corrosion inhibitor classification and selection criteria, chemical, electrochemical, and surface characterization, and computational techniques for corrosion monitoring Sustainable grafted biopolymers, covering synthesis and characterizations, properties and applications, and factors affecting biopolymers grafting Grafted natural exudates gums, pectin, chitosan, starch, cellulose, alginates, dextrin, and biopolymer composites and nanocomposites as sustainable corrosion inhibitors Delivering the recent advancements in sustainable grafted biopolymer for the anticorrosive applications arena, Grafted Biopolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors is an essential resource for scholars in academia and industry, working corrosion engineers, and materials science, engineering, and chemistry students.
This encyclopedia, written by authoritative experts under the guidance of an international panel of key researchers from academia, national laboratories, and industry, is a comprehensive reference covering all major aspects of metallurgical science and engineering of aluminum and its alloys. Topics covered include extractive metallurgy, powder metallurgy (including processing), physical metallurgy, production engineering, corrosion engineering, thermal processing (processes such as metalworking and welding, heat treatment, rolling, casting, hot and cold forming), surface engineering and structure such as crystallography and metallography.
This book covers a broad range of materials science that has been brought to bear on providing solutions to the challenges of developing self-healing and protective coatings for a range of metals. The book has a strong emphasis on characterisation techniques, particularly new techniques that are beginning to be used in the coatings area. It features many contributions written by experts from various industrial sectors which examine the needs of the sectors and the state of the art. The development of self-healing and protective coatings has been an expanding field in recent years and applies a lot of new knowledge gained from other fields as well as other areas of materials science to the development of coatings. It has borrowed from fields such as the food and pharmaceutical industries who have used, polymer techniques, sol-gel science and colloidosome technology for a range encapsulation techniques. It has also borrowed from fields like hydrogen storage such as from the development of hierarchical and other materials based on organic templating as “nanocontainers” for the delivery of inhibitors. In materials science, recent developments in high throughput and other characterisation techniques, such as those available from synchrotrons, are being increasing used for novel characterisation – one only needs to look at the application of these techniques in self healing polymers to gauge wealth of new information that has been gained from these techniques. This work is largely driven by the need to replace environmental pollutants and hazardous chemicals that represent risk to humans such as chromate inhibitors which are still used in some applications.