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Film piracy began almost immediately after the birth of the film industry. Initially it was a within-the-industry phenomenon as studios stole from each other. As the industry grew and more money was involved, outsiders became more interested in piracy. Stolen material made its way offshore since detection was less likely. Hollywood's major film studios vigorously pursued pirates and had the situation fairly well under control by the middle 1970s--not eliminated but reduced to a low level--until videocassettes arrived. This work begins with a discussion of some of the earliest cases of piracy in vaudeville. It then considers how the problem continued to grow exacerbated by the lack of legal resource available to performers, and the ways film exhibitors cheated the film distributors and companies and the measures that the distributors and companies took to prevent piracy over the years. Also examined are the practices of American theater owners who tried to cheat Hollywood, especially through the practice known as bicycling--extra, unpaid for screenings of a legitimately held film--and altering paperwork to reduce the money owed to distributors on films screened on percentage contracts. Also examined, to a lesser degree, are Hollywood's own efforts to cheat, including the disregard of copyrights held by others.
La Cour internationale de Justice, l'un des cinq organes principaux de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, et son organe judiciaire principal, est installée à La Haye, loin du Siège de l'ONU, dans la sérénité du Palais de la Paix, don d'Andrew Carnegie à l'idéal de la paix mondiale. Cet ouvrage très bien documenté paraît à l'occasion du jubilé des cinquante ans de la Cour. L'ouvrage comporte douze chapitres, et est préfacé par le Président de la Cour. Avec une riche iconographie, il illustre l'idée du règlement pacifique des différends à travers les âges, qui devait trouver sa consécration lors des conférences de la paix de La Haye. Il évoque la création de la Cour, remontant à l'époque de sa devancière dans l'entre deux-guerres. Il traite du droit et de la procédure de la Cour internationale de Justice et décrit la composition de la Cour dans sa diversité juridique et culturelle. Des statistiques, la biographie de tous les juges et une bibliographie complètent cet hommage remarquable à un idéal universel et séculaire.