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The need for sustainable sources of energy has become more prevalent in an effort to conserve natural resources, as well as optimize the performance of wireless networks in daily life. Renewable sources of energy also help to cut costs while still providing a reliable power sources. Biologically-Inspired Energy Harvesting through Wireless Sensor Technologies highlights emerging research in the areas of sustainable energy management and transmission technologies. Featuring technological advancements in green technology, energy harvesting, sustainability, networking, and autonomic computing, as well as bio-inspired algorithms and solutions utilized in energy management, this publication is an essential reference source for researchers, academicians, and students interested in renewable or sustained energy in wireless networks.
The energy efficiency paradigm is a major bottleneck for the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoT) architectures and technologies. This edited book presents comprehensive coverage of energy harvesting sources and techniques that can be used for WSN and IoT systems.
Wireless sensors and sensor networks (WSNs) are nowadays becoming increasingly important due to their decisive advantages. Different trends towards the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0 and 5G Networks address massive sensing and admit to have wireless sensors delivering measurement data directly to the Web in a reliable and easy manner. These sensors can only be supported, if sufficient energy efficiency and flexible solutions are developed for energy-aware wireless sensor nodes. In the last years, different possibilities for energy harvesting have been investigated showing a high level of maturity. This book gives therefore an overview on fundamentals and techniques for energy harvesting and energy transfer from different points of view. Different techniques and methods for energy transfer, management and energy saving on network level are reported together with selected interesting applications. The book is interesting for researchers, developers and students in the field of sensors, wireless sensors, WSNs, IoT and manifold application fields using related technologies. The book is organized in four major parts. The first part of the book introduces essential fundamentals and methods, while the second part focusses on vibration converters and hybridization. The third part is dedicated to wireless energy transfer, including both RF and inductive energy transfer. Finally, the fourth part of the book treats energy saving and management strategies. The main contents are: Essential fundamentals and methods of wireless sensors Energy harvesting from vibration Hybrid vibration energy converters Electromagnetic transducers Piezoelectric transducers Magneto-electric transducers Non-linear broadband converters Energy transfer via magnetic fields RF energy transfer Energy saving techniques Energy management strategies Energy management on network level Applications in agriculture Applications in structural health monitoring Application in power grids Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun is professor for measurement and sensor technology at Chemnitz university of technology. She is specialist in the field of sensors and sensor systems design.
As we become more dependent on electricity to accomplish our daily needs, the world has been facing challenging issues related to the supply of energy for energy- based appliances. As we know, the greenhouse effect and industrialization expansion cause Ozone layer depletion, climate change, changes in weather patterns, and continuous release of carbon dioxide (CO2). An important issue that has been raised is required to develop a new energy harvesting technique that fulfils the energy demands. Ambient energy is the best substitute to produce energy by the environment and also reduces environmental pollution. Radiofrequency signals are extensively used to transmit information, though, in the field of telecommunications it continues to develop individually from wireless power transfer (WPT). However, RF signals cannot transfer information only, but the available energy can also be harvested by the RF energy harvester. Radio Frequency Energy harvesting (RFEH) is a concept of green and clean energy, where the RF energy is captured by the environment and converting it into electrical energy. It has become a developing technology and increasing research interest in the last five years. It would be a great choice to supplement the present energy harvesting technologies for example solar, thermal, wind, and vibration energy. In the last few years, RF energy harvesting has extended the research interest from environmental energy. With the rapid growth of RF sources such as cellular systems, many wireless communication devices, FM transmitters. receivers, cellular mobile stations, Wi-Fi devices, and TV stations, the radiation power of ambient energy is increased rapidly which empowers the small powered devices. Harvesting the energy from the available RF signals enables the powering of Jaw-power devices such as wireless sensor networks and medical implants. It could make devices self-sustainable and easy to operate by prolonging the operation period of the battery or eliminating the need for batteries. It has a lot of applications in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT) and this would be beneficial to power up the devices remotely.
This book contributes to understanding the development and application of green energy solutions. The term ""green energy"" is widely used today to indicate sustainable energy sources with zero or minimal environmental and economic impact, obtained from various renewable energy sources. The contents presented in this book deal with different solutions, from small-scale applications (thermoelectric energy harvesting) to energy efficiency in buildings with local renewable energy production (also in critical seismic sites), local energy systems (smart energy management of storage and complex interactions), exploitation of biomasses from agricultural wastes, and voluntary certifications associated with energy trading in large energy systems. These aspects mark a more sustainable evolution of the society with wider green energy usage.
The principle of energy harvesting, i. e. gleaning of extremely small amounts of energy from the environment, has been around for a long time. For technical reasons, the idea of operating a wireless link, commercially, with energy from the environment was to date only possible with solar cells, and outdoors where there is sufficient light. EnOcean is the first company to offer commercial solutions for operating wireless links in low-light indoor surroundings, or by energy sources that are an alternate to light. In this paper we will discuss two application scenarios for energy-autonomous sensor/actor networks with partly contrary requirements. The first application scenario is typical for e.g. building automation or environmental monitoring, where the wirelessly operated sensors are distributed over a widespread area and only a few measurement values are generated in a moderate time interval. Modern fabrication facilities with highly flexible manufacturing cells or highly dynamic processes in the military environment, where clusters of sensors and actuators have to be read-out and controlled in a limited space under stringent real-time limitations stand for the second application scenario. We will describe the current status of technology, show measurement results, tell about experiences already made in the field and give a prospective view of possible future developments. Although primarily developed for new application scenarios in building systems engineering, household, logistics, environmental protection and production automation wireless sensor/actor networks based on EnOcean technology can also be tailored to military needs for future air, ground and naval vehicle capabilities.
The vast reduction in size and power consumption of CMOS circuitry has led to a large research effort based around the vision of wireless sensor networks. The proposed networks will be comprised of thousands of small wireless nodes that operate in a multi-hop fashion, replacing long transmission distances with many low power, low cost wireless devices. The result will be the creation of an intelligent environment responding to its inhabitants and ambient conditions. Wireless devices currently being designed and built for use in such environments typically run on batteries. However, as the networks increase in number and the devices decrease in size, the replacement of depleted batteries will not be practical. The cost of replacing batteries in a few devices that make up a small network about once per year is modest. However, the cost of replacing thousands of devices in a single building annually, some of which are in areas difficult to access, is simply not practical. Another approach would be to use a battery that is large enough to last the entire lifetime of the wireless sensor device. However, a battery large enough to last the lifetime of the device would dominate the overall system size and cost, and thus is not very attractive. Alternative methods of powering the devices that will make up the wireless networks are desperately needed.
The transformation of vibrations into electric energy through the use of piezoelectric devices is an exciting and rapidly developing area of research with a widening range of applications constantly materialising. With Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, world-leading researchers provide a timely and comprehensive coverage of the electromechanical modelling and applications of piezoelectric energy harvesters. They present principal modelling approaches, synthesizing fundamental material related to mechanical, aerospace, civil, electrical and materials engineering disciplines for vibration-based energy harvesting using piezoelectric transduction. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting provides the first comprehensive treatment of distributed-parameter electromechanical modelling for piezoelectric energy harvesting with extensive case studies including experimental validations, and is the first book to address modelling of various forms of excitation in piezoelectric energy harvesting, ranging from airflow excitation to moving loads, thus ensuring its relevance to engineers in fields as disparate as aerospace engineering and civil engineering. Coverage includes: Analytical and approximate analytical distributed-parameter electromechanical models with illustrative theoretical case studies as well as extensive experimental validations Several problems of piezoelectric energy harvesting ranging from simple harmonic excitation to random vibrations Details of introducing and modelling piezoelectric coupling for various problems Modelling and exploiting nonlinear dynamics for performance enhancement, supported with experimental verifications Applications ranging from moving load excitation of slender bridges to airflow excitation of aeroelastic sections A review of standard nonlinear energy harvesting circuits with modelling aspects.
Energy Harvesting Technologies provides a cohesive overview of the fundamentals and current developments in the field of energy harvesting. In a well-organized structure, this volume discusses basic principles for the design and fabrication of bulk and MEMS based vibration energy systems, theory and design rules required for fabrication of efficient electronics, in addition to recent findings in thermoelectric energy harvesting systems. Combining leading research from both academia and industry onto a single platform, Energy Harvesting Technologies serves as an important reference for researchers and engineers involved with power sources, sensor networks and smart materials.