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Excerpt from Queen Elizabeth and the French Protestants in the Years 1559 and 1560 It was originally my intention to make the narrative here begun extend to the Treaty of Troyes, in April, 1564, and include Elizabeth's connection with the first Huguenot war; but I found the undertaking rather large, and have confined myself for present purposes to a part of the field, namely, that part about which there is most uncertainty. I have already done much work on the remaining period, and intend to resume it at the earliest opportunity. Of the books which I have used, the following are cited in the notes. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
From the INTRODUCTION. A combination of the gravest difficulties stared Queen Elizabeth in the face, when on the seventeenth of November, fifteen hundred fifty-eight, she succeeded her half-sister on the throne of England. The war with France into which Mary had dragged the nation to assist her husband, Philip of Spain, had resulted in the surrender of Calais, the last foothold across the channel; peace was not yet concluded; there was no army or fleet; and the treasury was not only empty but burdened with a heavy debt. Poverty among the masses had given rise to social discontent, and the country was rent by religious dissensions. A Papal judgment had pronounced the marriage of Elizabeth's mother null, and there was a Catholic claimant to the throne in the person of Mary Queen of Scots, who had rendered her pretensions especially dangerous by her marriage with the Dauphin of France. Never was wise counsel more needed, and it was fortunate for Elizabeth that she had the sagacity, as well as the opportunity, to call to her side so able and devoted a minister as William Cecil. England, however, was not the only country which was divided in religion, and it was of especial importance to Elizabeth that in the lands ruled by her enemies, to the south across the channel and to the north across the border, the reformatory movement had gained a foothold. In France it had at first and for a long time thereafter experienced little progress, but was now making rapid strides, had enrolled under its banner some of the foremost nobles of the kingdom, and had acquired strength in various places in the central and southern provinces and also in Normandy. Early in her reign Elizabeth began to court the friendship of Protestants in other countries. A month after her accession she commissioned Christopher Mundt, who had formerly been in the service of Henry the Eighth and Edward the Sixth, as her agent in Germany and instructed him to endeavor "to revive and maintain amity'' with the Protestant princes. In view of the meeting of Parliament which was near at hand, Cecil proposed to party leaders questions regarding the course which ought to be pursued. One of the answers received deserves our special attention. It contains memoranda of the dangers which might ensue upon the alteration of religion in England, dangers not only from sources at home, but from Rome, France, Scotland, and Ireland. Among the comments on how they could be met is this statement: "For France, to practice a peace ; or if it be offered. not to refuse it. If controversy of religion be there among them, to help to kindle it." In Scotland, an effort should be made "to help their divisions and especially to augment the hope" of the Protestants. Peace was soon concluded. Henry the Second of France and Philip the Second of Spain, as well as Elizabeth, were in financial straits, and each wished his hands free that he might crush the growing spirit of heresy in his dominions. Negotiations had been begun before Mary died, and a treaty was signed at Cateau-Cambresis in the following February. Philip stood by England, and although France retained Calais, she went through the form of agreeing to restore it at the end of eight years, or else pay five hundred thousand crowns. In the meantime she was to furnish hostages. During this period neither the French nor the English sovereign should make any hostile attempt, directly or indirectly, upon the realm or subjects of the other. If the former should do so, either Calais or the money would be forfeited, if the latter should do it, her enemies would be released from their obligations.
Tells the history of the French Renaissance through the lives of its most prominent queens and mistresses.
This book provides a detailed and insightful account of the religious wars that rocked France in the second half of the sixteenth century, and had a profound impact on the politics, society, and culture of early modern Europe. The author examines the complex interplay between religious, political, and social forces that drove the conflict, as well as the role played by key figures like the Huguenot leader Admiral Coligny, Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, and the Spanish King Philip II. This book is a seminal work in the field of French and European history. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
This edition presents in English, for the first time, Jeanne d’Albret’s Letters to the king, his mother, his brother, her own brother-in-law, and the queen of England, together with her Ample Declaration (1568) defending her decampment to the Protestant stronghold of La Rochelle. A historical-biographical introduction situates these writings in the larger context of Reformation politics and examines in detail the specific literary characteristics of her memoir. In her works, Jeanne d’Albret asserts her own position as legal sovereign of Béarn and Navarre and situates herself at the nexus of overlapping political, religious, and familial tensions.
Reproduction of the original: History of the Rise of the Huguenots by Henry M. Baird
A deadly continental struggle, the Thirty Years War devastated seventeenth-century Europe, killing nearly a quarter of all Germans and laying waste to towns and countryside alike. Peter Wilson offers the first new history in a generation of a horrifying conflict that transformed the map of the modern world. When defiant Bohemians tossed the Habsburg emperor’s envoys from the castle windows in Prague in 1618, the Holy Roman Empire struck back with a vengeance. Bohemia was ravaged by mercenary troops in the first battle of a conflagration that would engulf Europe from Spain to Sweden. The sweeping narrative encompasses dramatic events and unforgettable individuals—the sack of Magdeburg; the Dutch revolt; the Swedish militant king Gustavus Adolphus; the imperial generals, opportunistic Wallenstein and pious Tilly; and crafty diplomat Cardinal Richelieu. In a major reassessment, Wilson argues that religion was not the catalyst, but one element in a lethal stew of political, social, and dynastic forces that fed the conflict. By war’s end a recognizably modern Europe had been created, but at what price? The Thirty Years War condemned the Germans to two centuries of internal division and international impotence and became a benchmark of brutality for centuries. As late as the 1960s, Germans placed it ahead of both world wars and the Black Death as their country’s greatest disaster. An understanding of the Thirty Years War is essential to comprehending modern European history. Wilson’s masterful book will stand as the definitive account of this epic conflict. For a map of Central Europe in 1618, referenced on page XVI, please visit this book’s page on the Harvard University Press website.