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This monograph identifies the essential characteristics of the objects described by current quantum theory and considers their relationship to space-time. In the process, it explicates the senses in which quantum objects may be consistently considered to have parts of which they may be composed or into which they may be decomposed. The book also demonstrates the degree to which reduction is possible in quantum mechanics, showing it to be related to the objective indefiniteness of quantum properties and the strong non-local correlations that can occur between the physical quantities of quantum subsystems. Careful attention is paid to the relationships among such property correlations, physical causation, probability, and symmetry in quantum theory. In this way, the text identifies and clarifies the conceptual grounds underlying the unique nature of many quantum phenomena.
Named a Best Book of 2021 by the Financial Times and a Best Science Book of 2021 by The Guardian “Rovelli is a genius and an amazing communicator… This is the place where science comes to life.” ―Neil Gaiman “One of the warmest, most elegant and most lucid interpreters to the laity of the dazzling enigmas of his discipline...[a] momentous book” ―John Banville, The Wall Street Journal A startling new look at quantum theory, from the New York Times bestselling author of Seven Brief Lessons on Physics, The Order of Time, and Anaximander. One of the world's most renowned theoretical physicists, Carlo Rovelli has entranced millions of readers with his singular perspective on the cosmos. In Helgoland, he examines the enduring enigma of quantum theory. The quantum world Rovelli describes is as beautiful as it is unnerving. Helgoland is a treeless island in the North Sea where the twenty-three-year-old Werner Heisenberg made the crucial breakthrough for the creation of quantum mechanics, setting off a century of scientific revolution. Full of alarming ideas (ghost waves, distant objects that seem to be magically connected, cats that appear both dead and alive), quantum physics has led to countless discoveries and technological advancements. Today our understanding of the world is based on this theory, yet it is still profoundly mysterious. As scientists and philosophers continue to fiercely debate the meaning of the theory, Rovelli argues that its most unsettling contradictions can be explained by seeing the world as fundamentally made of relationships rather than substances. We and everything around us exist only in our interactions with one another. This bold idea suggests new directions for thinking about the structure of reality and even the nature of consciousness. Rovelli makes learning about quantum mechanics an almost psychedelic experience. Shifting our perspective once again, he takes us on a riveting journey through the universe so we can better comprehend our place in it.
“Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it.” Since Niels Bohr said this many years ago, quantum mechanics has only been getting more shocking. We now realize that it’s not really telling us that “weird” things happen out of sight, on the tiniest level, in the atomic world: rather, everything is quantum. But if quantum mechanics is correct, what seems obvious and right in our everyday world is built on foundations that don’t seem obvious or right at all—or even possible. An exhilarating tour of the contemporary quantum landscape, Beyond Weird is a book about what quantum physics really means—and what it doesn’t. Science writer Philip Ball offers an up-to-date, accessible account of the quest to come to grips with the most fundamental theory of physical reality, and to explain how its counterintuitive principles underpin the world we experience. Over the past decade it has become clear that quantum physics is less a theory about particles and waves, uncertainty and fuzziness, than a theory about information and knowledge—about what can be known, and how we can know it. Discoveries and experiments over the past few decades have called into question the meanings and limits of space and time, cause and effect, and, ultimately, of knowledge itself. The quantum world Ball shows us isn’t a different world. It is our world, and if anything deserves to be called “weird,” it’s us.
Bewildering features of modern physics, such as relativistic space-time structure and the peculiarities of so-called quantum statistics, challenge traditional ways of conceiving of objects in space and time. Interpreting Bodies brings together essays by leading philosophers and scientists to provide a unique overview of the implications of such physical theories for questions about the nature of objects. The collection combines classic articles by Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, Hans Reichenbach, and Erwin Schrodinger with recent contributions, including several papers that have never before been published. The book focuses on the microphysical objects that are at the heart of quantum physics and addresses issues central to both the "foundational" and the philosophical debates about objects. Contributors explore three subjects in particular: how to identify a physical object as an individual, the notion of invariance with respect to determining what objects are or could be, and how to relate objective and measurable properties to a physical entity. The papers cover traditional philosophical topics, common-sense questions, and technical matters in a consistently clear and rigorous fashion, illuminating some of the most perplexing problems in modern physics and the philosophy of science. The contributors are Diederik Aerts, Max Born, Elena Castellani, Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara, Bas C. van Fraassen, Steven French, Gian Carlo Ghirardi, Roberto Giuntini, Werner Heisenberg, Decio Krause, David Lewis, Tim Maudlin, Peter Mittelstaedt, Giulio Peruzzi, Hans Reichenbach, Erwin Schrodinger, Paul Teller, and Giuliano Toraldo di Francia.
Glossalaliais not a conventional glossary or dictionary. Although arranged alphabetically, it is a cutting-edge introduction to the state of theory today. Here 26 newly commissioned "definitions" of theoretical keywords are presented in a playful A-Z format, ranging from "Animality" to "Zero." Leading theorists and critics including J. Hillis Miller, Gayatri Chavkravorty Spivak, Simon Critchley, Ernesto Laclau, and many others provide unusual and insightful interpretations of a range of unexpected terms such as "Zero," "X," and "Yarn." They also reflect with renewed vigor upon such familiar concerns as "Difference," "Jouissance," "Nation," and "Otherness." Like a standard glossary, the volume invites the reader to start almost anywhere. ButGlossala liasteps far beyond the parameters of a standard reference work that is simply "about theory" by encouraging readers to actively engage with and enjoy theory, and to consider the future possibilities of theory in the twenty-firstcentury.
This book offers a discussion of Niels Bohr’s conception of “complementarity,” arguably his greatest contribution to physics and philosophy. By tracing Bohr’s work from his 1913 atomic theory to the introduction and then refinement of the idea of complementarity, and by explicating different meanings of “complementarity” in Bohr and the relationships between it and Bohr’s other concepts, the book aims to offer a contained and accessible, and yet sufficiently comprehensive account of Bohr’s work on complementarity and its significance.
Naturwissenschaftler und Philosophen haben im Lauf der Wissenschaftsgeschichte unterschiedliche Auffassungen vom Hypothesencharakter empirischer Theorien entwickelt. Der Band widmet sich drei verschiedenen Epochen, in denen der Erkenntnisoptimismus erfolgreicher Wissenschaftspraxis auf ein wachsendes Bewusstsein der Grenzen naturwissenschaftlicher Einsicht trifft: der Frühen Neuzeit (Kopernikus, Kepler, Bacon, Galilei, Descartes, Boyle, Newton, Locke, mit einem Rückblick auf die mittelalterlichen Autoren Maimonides und Gersonides), dem mechanistischen Weltbild des 19. Jahrhunderts (Herschel, Whewell, Mill, C. G. J. Jacobi, Carl Neumann, Boutroux, Ch. S. Peirce, mit einem Rückblick auf Lagrange und d'Alembert) und dem 20. Jahrhundert mit dem Aufkommen der modernen Physik (Hertz, Poincaré, Vaihinger, Duhem, Heisenberg, Popper). Abgerundet wird der Band durch Studien zur Gegenwartsdiskussion des wissenschaftlichen Realismus und den Chancen einer hypothetischen Metaphysik der Natur.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th Pacific Rim Conference on Artificial Intelligence, PRICAI 2014, held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, in December 2014. The 74 full papers and 20 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 203 submissions. The topics include inference; reasoning; robotics; social intelligence. AI foundations; applications of AI; agents; Bayesian networks; neural networks; Markov networks; bioinformatics; cognitive systems; constraint satisfaction; data mining and knowledge discovery; decision theory; evolutionary computation; games and interactive entertainment; heuristics; knowledge acquisition and ontology; knowledge representation, machine learning; multimodal interaction; natural language processing; planning and scheduling; probabilistic.
The Lagrangian approach had, in many respects, yielded significant success of theoretical physics in the centuries following its discovery. Unfortunately, the Lagrangian equations, in its original form, cannot be applied to living systems. For a time-independent Lagrangian, these equations are time-reversible and lead to energy conservation, which undoubtedly is not true for the living objects. In this book we show that natural (although rather unexpected) generalization of the Lagrangian enables directly use the apparatus of Lagrangian dynamics to describe behavior the living objects. It is, ultimately, not a revolutionary modification. Rather, lost opportunity that was not considered in the development of contemporary physics has been revisited. The main difference between living creatures and non-living things is that life actively counteracts its degradation in a continuously changing environment. Attempting to minimize the likelihood of death is a basic feature of living organisms. In this book, we assume that the best candidate for an indicator of proximity to death is stress, which is naturally related to the undesirable states of an organism. It will be shown that such an assumption facilitates the design of the generalized Lagrangians and that exploring even the lowest approximation of the Lagrangians allows for a reasonable description of a wide class of behavior of living beings, ranging from bacterial chemotaxis to homeostasis, dominance a hierarchy formation in the social groups and behavior of living being in environment. Although the book intendent, mainly, for young physicists and mathematicians, whose seek promising areas to apply their professional skills, experienced researchers would find here novel powerful theoretical apparatus for their investigation.