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To assist the implementation of benefit-cost analysis, this research report describes issues and techniques related to estimating the human health risk reduction benefits provided by actions that reduce contaminant concentrations in drinking water, and discusses how these benefits should be compared to costs. Material is relevant for evaluating the benefits and costs of federal and state regulatory actions such as setting a Maximum Contaminant Level, instituting treatment requirements, and implementing a guideline or advisory. The report will be of interest to water utility professionals, benefit- cost practitioners, and public policy decision makers. No subject index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) provides systematic epidemiological estimates for an unprecedented 150 major health conditions. The GBD provides indispensable global and regional data for health planning, research, and education.
The anthrax incidents following the 9/11 terrorist attacks put the spotlight on the nation's public health agencies, placing it under an unprecedented scrutiny that added new dimensions to the complex issues considered in this report. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century reaffirms the vision of Healthy People 2010, and outlines a systems approach to assuring the nation's health in practice, research, and policy. This approach focuses on joining the unique resources and perspectives of diverse sectors and entities and challenges these groups to work in a concerted, strategic way to promote and protect the public's health. Focusing on diverse partnerships as the framework for public health, the book discusses: The need for a shift from an individual to a population-based approach in practice, research, policy, and community engagement. The status of the governmental public health infrastructure and what needs to be improved, including its interface with the health care delivery system. The roles nongovernment actors, such as academia, business, local communities and the media can play in creating a healthy nation. Providing an accessible analysis, this book will be important to public health policy-makers and practitioners, business and community leaders, health advocates, educators and journalists.
An impressive piece of work that deserves to be on every European agricultural economist s bookshelf. Jean-Christophe Bureau, European Review of Agricultural Economics This is an excellent text that could be used in specialist academic courses in environmental and natural resource economics, ecological economics and cost benefit analysis, as well as in interdisciplinary courses in public policy, planning and environmental management. David James, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is one of the most useful tools of applied economics for the social appraisal of public projects and government policies. Nick Hanley and Edward Barbier show how CBA can be applied to environmental policy choice and environmental resource management. They cover the conceptual underpinnings of CBA, practical methods for applying CBA, and a wide range of case study applications from Europe, North America and developing countries. Issues such as the value of ecosystem services and the special problems posed for CBA by environmental management are brought into close focus. The textbook is aimed at students on inter-disciplinary courses as well as those studying environmental economics, welfare economics and public policy. It will also be of interest to people in the policy community, NGOs and consultancy sectors.
Provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific evidence on prevalence and the resulting health effects of a range of exposures that are know to be hazardous to human health, including childhood and maternal undernutrition, nutritional and physiological risk factors for adult health, addictive substances, sexual and reproductive health risks, and risks in the physical environments of households and communities, as well as among workers. This book is the culmination of over four years of scientific equiry and data collection, know as the comparative risk assessment (CRA) project.
In this time of economic downturn, it is becoming increasingly important for organizations, including those in public health, to prove their worth, to show the value in improvement strategies. Health agencies have learned to discuss impact in terms of health outcome and mortality morbidity measures. However, it is critical that these impacts are also expressed in a way that shows cost efficiency and economic benefit especially for promising, evidence based public health interventions. Although several methods of economic evaluation including cost effective analysis, cost utility analysis, or cost benefit analysis and return on investment have been used in social sciences and health research, fewer examples are found in public health systems research. This dissertation explores common methods for financially quantifying value in public health system change, and these methods are used to assess cost benefit in a real world example: the development of the Center for Community Health, an academic-public health partnership anchored in the University of Rochester Medical Center. The value of the University's investment in public health is analyzed by quantifying the costs and benefits of the Center. A multi methods, retrospective analysis of this naturally occurring experiment was conducted including collecting revenue data and expenses data over time, as well as interviewing key informants to quantify the Center's contribution to the Essential Services of a public health department With the University's annual contribution of around $1 million, the CCH has accumulated a $6.5 million annual budget within 6 years. This has resulted in an expanded public health workforce of 60 individuals and increased essential public health services delivered to the community including surveillance, research, policy investment, cancer screenings, prevention programs, and individual counseling. In addition to the increased budget and shifting to extramural funding, the CCH has achieved cost effectiveness through disease prevention through programs and services. This work serves as a practical and duplicable example for public health practitioners and systems researchers of how economic analysis of system chance can be done. An analytical framework is presented, as well as a discussion of barriers and shortcomings for measuring value in public health interventions.
Every day we make decisions about our health - some big and some small. What we eat, how we live and even where we live can affect our health. But how can we be sure that the advice we are given about these important matters is right for us? This book will provide you with the right tools for assessing health advice.
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
In this book the authors explore the state of the art on efficiency measurement in health systems and international experts offer insights into the pitfalls and potential associated with various measurement techniques. The authors show that: - The core idea of efficiency is easy to understand in principle - maximizing valued outputs relative to inputs, but is often difficult to make operational in real-life situations - There have been numerous advances in data collection and availability, as well as innovative methodological approaches that give valuable insights into how efficiently health care is delivered - Our simple analytical framework can facilitate the development and interpretation of efficiency indicators.
This book examines the current state of the art regarding benefits assessment, including such tools as bidding games, surveys, property-value studies, wage differentials, risk reduction evaluation, and mortality and morbidity cost estimation. It is based on research, sponsored by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, related to the quantitative estimation of benefits derived from the maintenance or improvement of air and water quality. Part I is a presentation of basic concepts and methods which underlie the case studies in Parts II and III. Areas addressed include benefit-cost analysis (the technique of policy analysis that, under Executive Order 12291, must be applied to all major federal regulatory actions), the concept of economic benefits, links between actions affecting the environment and their effects on humans (and why an understanding of those links is important for benefits estimation), and problems of assigning economic values to cleaner air and water. Part II presents case studies dealing with urban air pollution. Part III presents case studies dealing with rural and regional air and water pollution and discusses benefit estimation related to acid rain, groundwater contamination, and visibility in national parks. Parts IV and V contain concluding remarks, and a bibliography and index. (JN)