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Designing complex space systems that will deliver value in the presence of an uncertain future is difficult. As space system lifetimes are now measured in decades, the systems face increased risk from uncertain future contexts. Tradespace exploration increases the designer's system knowledge during conceptual design and with dynamic analysis can predict the system's behavior in many possible future contexts. Designing flexible systems will allow mitigation of risk from uncertain future contexts and the opportunity to deliver more value than anticipated by the designers. Flexibility is a dynamic property of a system that allows it to take advantage of emergent opportunity and to mitigate risk by enabling the system to respond to changing contexts in order to retain or increase usefulness to system stakeholders over time. Identifying flexible designs has traditionally been accomplished through subjective or heuristic methods, leading to a qualitative assessment of system flexibility. Objective and quantitative measures of flexibility are required for analysis of flexibility in tradespace exploration, as the number of designs is often too large for traditional qualitative approaches. Value Weighted Filtered Outdegree is introduced as a metric for identifying valuably flexible systems in tradespace studies in order to improve decision making during the conceptual design phase. Dynamic Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration (Dynamic MATE) is used as the basic tradespace exploration method for Value Weighted Filtered Outdegree. Dynamic MATE applies decision theory to computer simulation of thousands of system designs, across hundreds of unique future contexts. Epoch-Era Analysis is used to parameterize future contexts for dynamic analysis of the designs' performance. Although dominated in static analysis, flexible designs are valuable in the presence of changing contexts. The usefulness of Value Weighted Filtered Outdegree is established through application to the design of a satellite radar system. The metric was able to identify designs that are valuably flexible, and exclude designs that carry change capability that does not add value to the design across selected epochs. Showing another application of Value Weighted Filtered Outdegree, a comparison of flexibility for an Operationally Responsive Space architecture is conducted which highlights the advantages of a modular architecture in the presence of changing user requirements.
The distance learning team was tasked to produce an architecture that would best support future Operationally Responsive Space requirements in the 2025 timeframe. The 'bottom line up front' to this analysis showed that the current space architecture already provides some level of responsiveness. However, ORS will demand modifications of the current space architecture vice certain pre-conceived notions of quick launch or a separate ORS architecture altogether. The team developed a 'baseline' vision for deeper analysis focused on the Combatant Commander supported by analytical categories named 'Pillars' as follows: Improved Organizational Relationships, Asset Loss Mitigation, Availability, Flexibility, and Streamlined Acquisition Processes. These pillars allowed the solutions, material and non-material, to be organized for further analysis, relevancy, and value to the architecture. Constraints and alternative solutions were considered. Analysis was further supported by a performance versus cost process which provided a final test of solution feasibility. Relative cost was determined by comparison of existing program or like capabilities with future inflation. Differing combinations of solutions could provide ORS value by modification of the metrics. The final analysis showed an Operationally Responsive Space architecture that meets all metrics and that could support all COCOM requirements.
Tactical space support has earned a reputation as unresponsive and the Operationally Responsive Space Office was created in 2007 to address this for the military. The intent of this course project is to use an educational research approach to develop a future architecture that will make space responsive in 2025. This paper evaluates the shortcomings that hinder quick and effective space-based support to the U.S. Military and Intelligence Community. The current space community is fragmented, preventing quick, unified decisions, and does not have the executive clout necessary to lead effectively. Our group's solution creates a Department of Space at the cabinet level. The Department of Space will unify the space community, promoting quicker decisions with one common and consistent vision. This change would enable unified plans and policies as well as allow one organization to prioritize all of the space programs. The responsive culture would facilitate other needed changes to Space Operations, Launch, and Acquisition.
The capability to rapidly deploy tactical satellites to meet a Joint Force Commander's immediate battlespace requirements is a well-documented joint capability need. Key U.S. strategic documentation cites the need for the capability to maintain persistent surveillance or an "unblinking eye" over battlespace and to rapidly reconstitute critical space capabilities to preserve situational awareness. The warfighter requires a tactical space-based deployment capability which employs a request to launch and operational deployment window of 90 to 120 days. This master's thesis executed two (2) major areas of work: apply, and reinforce the Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) mission tasks using the Joint Capabilities Integration Development System (JCIDS) process; then based on capability gap data generated from the process, analyze and define the capability gap of an ORS Adaptive Integration, Test and Logistics (IT & L) process for payload to bus deployment to meet the identified time scales. This document recommends engineering solutions and processes for the ORS IT & L "to-be" state for this warfighter capability. The ORS adaptive IT & L CONOPS developed as part of this work focuses on the Tactical Satellite Rapid Deployment System (TSRDS), which is an adaptive integration, test and logistics capability that enables rapid and effective payload to bus integration to meet a 90- to 120-day warfighter window.
This book, Space Capstone Publication Spacepower: Doctrine for Space Forces, is capstone doctrine for the United States Space Force and represents our Service's first articulation of an independent theory of spacepower. This publication answers why spacepower is vital for our Nation, how military spacepower is employed, who military space forces are, and what military space forces value. In short, this capstone document is the foundation of our professional body of knowledge as we forge an independent military Service committed to space operations. Like all doctrine, the SCP remains subject to the policies and strategies that govern its employment. Military spacepower has deterrent and coercive capacities - it provides independent options for National and Joint leadership but achieves its greatest potential when integrated with other forms of military power. As we grow spacepower theory and doctrine, we must do so in a way that fosters greater integration with the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. It is only by achieving true integration and interdependence that we can hope to unlock spacepower's full potential.
With many scholars and analysts questioning the relevance of deterrence as a valid strategic concept, this volume moves beyond Cold War nuclear deterrence to show the many ways in which deterrence is applicable to contemporary security. It examines the possibility of applying deterrence theory and practice to space, to cyberspace, and against non-state actors. It also examines the role of nuclear deterrence in the twenty-first century and reaches surprising conclusions.
The US National Space Policy released by the president in 2006 states that the US government should "develop space professionals." As an integral part of that endeavor, "AU-18, Space Primer", provides to the joint war fighter an unclassified resource for understanding the capabilities, organizations, and operations of space forces. This primer is a useful tool both for individuals who are not "space aware"-unacquainted with space capabilities, organizations, and operations-and for those who are "space aware," especially individuals associated with the space community, but not familiar with space capabilities, organizations, and operations outside their particular areas of expertise. It is your guide and your invitation to all the excitement and opportunity of space. Last published in 1993, this updated version of the Space Primer has been made possible by combined efforts of the Air Command and Staff College's academic year 2008 "Jointspacemindedness" and "Operational Space" research seminars, as well as select members of the academic year 2009 "Advanced Space" research seminar. Air university Press.