Download Free Quantification And Modelling Of Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Urban Water Systems Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Quantification And Modelling Of Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Urban Water Systems and write the review.

With increased commitment from the international community to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all sectors in accordance with the Paris Agreement, the water sector has never felt the pressure it is now under to transition to a low-carbon water management model. This requires reducing GHG emissions from grid-energy consumption (Scope 2 emissions), which is straightforward; however, it also requires reducing Scope 1 emissions, which include nitrous oxide and methane emissions, predominantly from wastewater handling and treatment. The pathways and factors leading to biological nitrous oxide and methane formation and emissions from wastewater are highly complex and site-specific. Good emission factors for estimating the Scope 1 emissions are lacking, water utilities have little experience in directly measuring these emissions, and the mathematical modelling of these emissions is challenging. Therefore, this book aims to help the water sector address the Scope 1 emissions by breaking down their pathways and influencing factors, and providing guidance on both the use of emission factors, and performing direct measurements of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from sewers and wastewater treatment plants. The book also dives into the mathematical modelling for predicting these emissions and provides guidance on the use of different mathematical models based upon your conditions, as well as an introduction to alternative modelling methods, including metabolic, data-driven, and AI methods. Finally, the book includes guidance on using the modelling tools for assessing different operating strategies and identifying promising mitigation actions. A must have book for anyone needing to understand, account for, and reduce water utility Scope 1 emissions.
The energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with urban water systems have come under scrutiny in recent times, as a result of increasing interest in climate change, to which urban water systems are particularly vulnerable. The approach most commonly taken previously to modelling these results has been to consider various urban water system components in great detail, but in isolation from the rest of the system. This piece wise approach is suboptimal, since it systematically fails to reveal the relative importance of the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with each system component in the context of the entire urban water system. Hence, it was determined that a new approach to modelling the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with urban water systems was necessary. It was further determined that the value derived from such a model would be greatly enhanced if it could also model the water consumption and wastewater generation associated with each system component, such that integrated policies could be developed, aimed at minimising water consumption, waste water generation, energy consumption and GHG emissions concurrently. Hence, the following research question was posed: How should the relationships between the water consumption, wastewater generation, energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with the operation of urban water systems be modelled such that the impact of various changes to the system configuration made at different spatial scales can be determined within the context of the entire system? In this research project, life cycle assessment ideas were employed to develop such a new modelling methodology. Initially, the approach was developed at the building-scale, such that the end uses of water present in a selected building and any associated appliances could be modelled, along with the fraction of the city wide water supply and waste water systems directly associated with providing services to that building. This vast breadth of scope was delivered by considering only the operational life cycle stage of each urban water system component, excluding both the pre- and post-operational life cycle stages of the associated infrastructure.The value of this pilot model was illustrated by several case studies, focused on residential buildings connected to the centralised water supply and waste water systems in Melbourne, Australia. Later, the approach was extended to the city-scale by using probabilistic distributions of each input parameter, such that all of the end uses of water present in a city, and all of the associated building-scale appliances could be modelled, along with the associated complete water supply and waste water systems. The value of this city-scale model was illustrated by applying it to model a hypothetical case study city, resembling Melbourne, Australia in many ways. Due to a lack of data, this application was limited to the residential sector of the casestudy city, along with the fraction of the citywide water supply and waste water systems directlyassociated with providing services to that sector. The results generated by the pilot and city-scale models showed that the new modelling methodology could be employed at a wide range of scales to assess the relative importance of each modelled urban water system component in terms of the specified results. Importantly, the high resolution of those results enabled the identification of the underlying causes of the relative importance of each urban water system component, such that efficient and effective approaches to reducing each result for each system component could be developed.Interestingly, for the specific case studies investigated, it was revealed that some commonlyneglected system components were actually extremely important, such as domestic hot waterservices, a trend found to be largely driven by hot water consumption in showers.
The wide adoption of wastewater treatment processes and use of novel technologies for improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus removals from wastewater have been introduced to meet stringent discharge standards. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are one of major contributors to the increase in the global GHG emissions and therefore it is necessary to carry out intensive studies on quantification, assessment and characterization of GHG emissions in wastewater treatment plants, on the life cycle assessment from GHG emission prospective, and on the GHG mitigation strategies. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants summarizes the recent development in studies of greenhouse gas emissions (N2O, CH4 and CO2) in MWWTPs. It also summarizes the development in life cycle assessment on GHG emissions in consideration of the energy usage in MWWTPs. The strategies in mitigating GHG emissions are discussed and the book provides an overview for researchers, students, water professionals and policy makers on GHG emission and mitigation in MWWTPS and industrial wastewater treatment processes. The book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the water, climate, and energy areas of research. It is also a useful reference source for water professionals, government policy makers, and research institutes.
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions enhance the atmospheric greenhouse effect, tend to increase the average global temperature, and contribute to global climate change. Those consequences motivate the establishment of regulatory frameworks to control and reduce GHG emissions. The credibility of emissions regulations depends on reliable, independent methods for long-term monitoring, verification and accounting of the actual emissions of market participants. Therefore the objectives of the present study are: (1) to evaluate the performance of state of the art trace gas dispersion models for the atmospheric boundary layer; (2) to develop novel measurement and modeling techniques for quantifying GHG emissions from spatially distributed sources using a top-down approach. Top-down methods combine atmospheric measurements of GHG concentration with meteorological data, and inverse transport models to quantify emissions sources. The ability of Weather Research and Forecasting, large-eddy simulation (WRF-LES) to model passive scalar dispersion from continuous sources in the atmospheric boundary layer was investigated. WRF-LES profiles of mean and fluctuating concentration in the daytime convective boundary layer were similar to data from laboratory experiments and other LES models. Poor turbulence resolution near the surface in neutral boundary layer simulations caused under prediction of mean dispersion in the crosswind direction, and over prediction of concentration variance in the surface layer. WRF-LES simulations also showed that the concentration intermittency factor is a promising metric for detecting source location using atmospheric measurements. A source determination model was developed to predict the location and strength of continuous, surface level, trace gas sources using concentration and turbulence measurements at two locations. The need for measurements at only two locations is advantageous for GHG monitoring applications where large sensor arrays are unfeasible due to high equipment costs and practical constraints on sensor placement. Atmospheric measurements of turbulence and methane concentration made during an outdoor, controlled release experiment were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the source determination model. The model predicted trace gas flux with less than 50% uncertainty, and provided an upper bound for fluxes from localized sources. The model can be used for detection and continuous, long-term monitoring of fugitive GHG emissions.
Ecotechnologies for wastewater treatment (EWWT) have been used as a cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods for improving the removal of organic carbon, nutrients and pathogenic microorganisms from wastewater. However, due to biochemical transformations of organic matter and nutrients EWWT are net sources of CO2, CH4 and N2O greenhouse gases (GHGs), which may be transferred into the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ecotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment provides scientific information about greenhouse gas, such as CO2, CH4 and N2O, generation and emissions from different municipal EWWT. The main EWWT considered in this book are anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds, duckweed-based ponds, and a freshwater natural wetland perturbed by anthropogenic activities such as wastewater discharge and nutrients from agricultural run-off. The book includes a full literature review of recent publications about GHGs emissions from EWWT. It also introduces the calculation of GHGs flux using a static chamber technique. Besides, the book presents information on the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, DO, and nutrients on GHG emissions produced in EWWT under tropical conditions. This book will be a useful reference for researches and students interested in the broader area of water and climate change subjects. The publication may also be of interest to policy makers concerned with climate change, water sector planning, and wastewater treatment.
The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns. This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.
Understand the effects of climate change on urban water and wastewater utilities with this collection of international scientific papers. Case studies and practical planning, mitigating and adapting information provided on greenhouse gases, energy use, and water supply and quality issues. This title is co-published with the American Water Works Association.
Global climate change has emerged as one of the most challenging environmental issues and has gained considerable attention worldwide. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation policies are needed to avoid the increasing risks of climate change on the environment, human health, and the economy. A wide variety of factors have an influence on the level of GHG emissions, and one of the most important factors is the production and consumption of energy. Energy systems have close relationships with a variety of economic and environmental activities. Therefore, to support effective GHG mitigation policy-making, advanced methodologies are needed to understand the entire system and simulate the multi-dimensional impacts and risks in Environmental and Economic systems. In this dissertation research, a set of models have been developed to facilitate the Environmental and Economic systems identification and simulation for GHG emissions management. The proposed models include: (a) an environmentally-extended input-output model with detailed disaggregation of energy sectors for life-cycle GHG emission intensities analysis, (b) a disaggregated ecologically-extended input-output model for integrated GHG emissions and emission relationships analysis, (c) a factorial ecologically-extended input-output model for urban GHG emissions metabolism system analysis, (d) an environmentally-extended input-output simulation model for production-based and consumption-based industrial GHG mitigation policy analysis, (e) a Saskatchewan-based computable general equilibrium model for economy-wide GHG mitigation policy analysis, and (f) a multi-dimensional hypothetical fuzzy risk simulation model for GHG mitigation analysis in socio-economic systems. The developed models have been applied to the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada to illustrate their applicability and advantages in system identification and simulation, and to provide decision support for GHG mitigation management. The major contributions of this research are the development of innovative models and a comprehensive approach for investigating complexities in Environmental and Economic systems to reveal the future risks of different GHG mitigation policies and trade-offs across multiple dimensions. The in-depth case study of the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada provides scientific support for the most desirable GHG mitigation policy development.
This is the first book to provide measurements of greenhouse gases from both aquatic and terrestrial environments as well as from hydroelectric reservoirs. This monograph not only presents the state-of-the-art techniques for measuring the emissions of greenhouse gases, but also demonstrates the mechanisms or processes leading to the emissions of greenhouse gases. It offers the reader a synthesis of what we understand of GHG emission after 12 years of research in boreal ecosystems, the estimations of gross and net emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs, the impact of hydroelectric reservoirs on climate change, as well as a comparison of the different alternatives for producing energy in relation to GHG emissions.