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Spontaneous pupillary movements in darkness were recorded (1) in healthy subjects of different ages when they were rested or fatigued, (2) in chronically tired subjects without known neurological defects, and (3) in patients with various neurological lesions. In some of the experiments, local or systemic drugs were used. While the pupils are large and quiet in darkness when the subject is alert, they oscillate under the influence of tiredness. Waves of spontaneous pupillary contraction and dilation accompany periods of increasing sleepiness and spontaneous arousal until, at the moment immediately preceding sleep, the pupils become very small. The mechanism of these movements was analyzed and a simple test described which allows the objective determination of the degree of acute fatigue in a given subject at a given time. In the light of these results, the concepts of 'normal' and of 'pathologic' fatigue were discussed. (Author).
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a severe chronic health condition that is often misunderstood or ignored by health establishments. The lack of definitive diagnostic markers to separate ME/CFS patients from the healthy population as well as from other chronic disorders is problematic for both health professionals and researchers. A consortium of Australian researchers gathered to systematically understand ME/CFS, ranging from a deep analysis of clinical and pathology data to metabolomic profiles and the investigation of mitochondrial function. From this broad collaboration, a number of compelling insights have arisen that may form the basis of specific serum, blood, and/or urinary biomarkers of ME/CFS. This Special Edition reports on a conference centred on these biomedical discoveries, with other contributions, with a translation focus for predictive markers for ME/CFS diagnosis. By supporting health professionals with developments in diagnostics for this condition, the patients and their families will hopefully benefit from an improved recognition of the biomedical underpinnings of the condition and will be better able to access the care that is urgently required. This Special Edition contains a mix of speaker submissions and other accepted manuscripts that contributed to our objective of advancing biomedical insights to enable the accurate diagnosis of ME/CFS.
Pupillometry, the study of the eyes’ pupils, has a rich history dating back to the 1800s. For example, to appear “dark with desire,” women once used atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) as a cosmetic, because the atropine dilated their pupils, making them appear more romantically aroused. We now know that this relationship is largely driven by the activity of the sympathetic nervous system; specifically, a small brainstem nucleus known as the locus coeruleus (LC). Because of tight connections between the musculature of the eyes and LC, monitoring the pupils can reveal important insights into brain activity during mental processes. Many of these processes are related to attention and arousal (cognitive or emotional), with the LC controlling mental readiness via secretion of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. While these complicated neurochemical processes happen in the brain, they are often overtly observable via pupil dilation. Although pupillometry was popular in the 1960s and 1970s, it fell out of favor until experiencing a renaissance approximately 10 years ago. With the advent of new eye-tracking and neural recording technology, measuring (and analyzing) pupil size is now easier than ever. Because all modern eye-trackers use pupil size in the calculation of gaze location, they also provide researchers with moment-by-moment pupil size measures in output files. Although previously considered “extra” data to support gaze location analyses, researchers have begun to conduct eye-tracking studies solely to gain access to pupil size data. These data have been used to study thought processes in many domains, including cognitive science, psychopathologies, business/marketing, security contexts, and the study of addiction. The diversity of interest in pupillometry is matched by the diversity in approaches taken to data collection, analysis, and interpretation. To date, there exists no book or tutorial review devoted specifically to ensuring that researchers carry out rigorous and reproducible work across these varied domains. Modern Pupillometry: Cognition, Neuroscience, and Practical Applications fills this gap by exploring the history, neuroscience, and methodological considerations of pupillometry research within and beyond psychology. .
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This book, written for pulmonary and family doctors, general practitioners, allergologists, and neuropsychologists, presents cutting-edge clinical research and therapy-oriented knowledge in the field of respiratory medicine. Clinical knowledge is undergoing dramatic improvement. Respiration is one such prominent field. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of respiratory ailments and the regulation of lung ventilation is essential for advances in pharmacotherapy and the patient’s quality of life. The book discusses a wide scope of topics, notably, innovations in detection and management of chronic inflammatory conditions such as COPD or asthma, acute infections of the respiratory tract, airway allergies and hyper-responsiveness, lung cancer, interstitial lung diseases, pulmonary function in health, disease and aging, sleep disordered breathing, interaction between the respiratory system and other bodily functions, and psychosomatic aspects of disease. After all, respiration is generated and integrated by the brain; therefore brain function is influential in respiratory regulation. The book is a platform that fosters the exchange of new clinical data between clinicians and academic neuroscientists, bringing a unique blend of medical diagnosis and practice to the leadership in respiratory medicine.
Describes technological methods and tools for objective and quantitative assessment of QoL Appraises technology-enabled methods for incorporating QoL measurements in medicine Highlights the success factors for adoption and scaling of technology-enabled methods This open access book presents the rise of technology-enabled methods and tools for objective, quantitative assessment of Quality of Life (QoL), while following the WHOQOL model. It is an in-depth resource describing and examining state-of-the-art, minimally obtrusive, ubiquitous technologies. Highlighting the required factors for adoption and scaling of technology-enabled methods and tools for QoL assessment, it also describes how these technologies can be leveraged for behavior change, disease prevention, health management and long-term QoL enhancement in populations at large. Quantifying Quality of Life: Incorporating Daily Life into Medicine fills a gap in the field of QoL by providing assessment methods, techniques and tools. These assessments differ from the current methods that are now mostly infrequent, subjective, qualitative, memory-based, context-poor and sparse. Therefore, it is an ideal resource for physicians, physicians in training, software and hardware developers, computer scientists, data scientists, behavioural scientists, entrepreneurs, healthcare leaders and administrators who are seeking an up-to-date resource on this subject.