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This book presents the theory of large-signal nonlinear impulse processes occurring in bipolar and field-effect transistors with a Schottky gate, collapse TRAPATT and tunnel diodes, superlattices, and double heterojunction lasers. It evaluates the maximum speed of impulse operation of these elements and experimentally constructs the generation of pulse oscillations with a repetition frequency of up to 1, 2 and 4 GHz. Original or adapted methods of mathematical modeling of processes provide an opportunity to obtain quantitative dependencies of generated pulse parameters, while the book also details the synchro-photon effect. In addition, as shown here, when a semiconductor element is switched on by an electric pulse, and at the same time a pulse of photons synchronously illuminates it, an effect occurs which increases the switching speed of the element by an order of magnitude. At the same time, the switching transient characteristic is shortened by 10 times or more. After applying this effect in pulse generators in the gigahertz frequency range, an increase in the repetition frequency of the generated oscillations is possible.
Sizes of electronic and photonic devices are decreasing drastically in order to increase the degree of integration for large-capacity and ultrahigh speed signal transmission and information processing. This miniaturization must be rapidly progressed from now onward. For this progress, the sizes of materials for composing these devices will be also decreased to several nanometers. If such a nanometer-sized material is combined with the photons and/or some other fields, it can exhibit specific characters, which are considerably different from those ofbulky macroscopic systems. This combined system has been called as a mesoscopic system. The first purpose of this book is to study the physics of the mesoscopic system. For this study, it is essential to diagnose the characteristics of miniaturized devices and materials with the spatial resolution as high as several nanometers or even higher. Therefore, novel methods, e.g., scanning probe microscopy, should be developed for such the high-resolution diagnostics. The second purpose of this book is to explore the possibility of developing new methods for these diagnostics by utilizing local interaction between materials and electron, photon, atomic force, and so on. Conformation and structure of the materials of the mesoscopic system can be modified by enhancing the local interaction between the materials and electromagnetic field. This modification can suggest the possibility of novel nano-fabrication methods. The third purpose of this book is to explore the methods for such nano-fabrication.
This book discusses aspects of laser pulses generation, characterization, and practical applications. Some new achievements in theory, experiments, and design are demonstrated. The introductive chapter shortly overviews the physical principles of pulsed lasers operation with pulse durations from seconds to yoctoseconds. A theory of mode-locking, based on the optical noise concept, is discussed. With this approximation, all paradoxes of ultrashort laser pulse formation have been explained. The book includes examples of very delicate laser operation in biomedical areas and extremely high power systems used for material processing and water purification. We hope this book will be useful for engineers and managers, for professors and students, and for those who are interested in laser science and technologies.
Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics
Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy: Advances and Applications provides students and researchers with an up-to-date understanding of the fast-developing area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. Editor V.P. Gupta has brought together the eminent scientists on a selection of topics to develop a systematic approach, first covering basic principles needed to understand each cutting-edge technique and application. This book acts as a standard reference for advanced students of molecular and laser spectroscopy and as a graduate text for new entrants in the field. The book covers a wide range of applications of molecular and laser spectroscopy in diverse areas ranging from materials to medicine and defence, biomedical research, environmental monitoring, forensic investigations, food and agriculture, and chemical, pharmaceutical and petrochemical processes. Researchers and scientific personnel in these fields will learn the latest techniques in order to put them to practical use in their work. - Covers several areas of spectroscopy research in a single volume, saving researchers time - Includes exhaustive lists of research articles, reviews and books at the end of each chapter to point readers in the right direction for further learning - Features illustrative examples of the varied applications - Serves as a practical guide to those interested in using molecular and laser spectroscopy tools in their research and field applications
Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging, Second Edition provides a coherent introduction to the principles and applications of the integrated optical microscope system, covering both theoretical and practical considerations. It expands and updates discussions of multi-spectral imaging, intensified digital cameras, signal colocalization, and uses of objectives, and offers guidance in the selection of microscopes and electronic cameras, as well as appropriate auxiliary optical systems and fluorescent tags. The book is divided into three sections covering optical principles in diffraction and image formation, basic modes of light microscopy, and components of modern electronic imaging systems and image processing operations. Each chapter introduces relevant theory, followed by descriptions of instrument alignment and image interpretation. This revision includes new chapters on live cell imaging, measurement of protein dynamics, deconvolution microscopy, and interference microscopy. PowerPoint slides of the figures as well as other supplementary materials for instructors are available at a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/murphy/lightmicroscopy
Ultrafast lasers allow high-precision imaging and manipulation for biological and medical applications. Nonlinear optical microscopy has provided researchers with unique possibilities of three-dimensional imaging of biological cells and tissues. Nonlinear optical imaging technique is a rapidly emerging research area with widespread fundamental research and clinical applications. Nonlinear optical imaging allows both structural and functional imaging with cellular level resolution imaging in biological systems. The introduction of endogenous or exogenous probes can selectively enhance contrast for molecular targets in a living cell as well as supply functional information on processes. With the aim to control nonlinear optical processes and to obtain functional images, nonlinear optical processes can be controlled by photo-controlled probes and/or parameters of ultrafast laser pulses, such as time, space, polarization, and phase. This book gives an overview of the nonlinear optical process by ultrafast laser pulses and explains how the basics of nonlinear optical microscopy led to the most advanced techniques of photo-controlled nonlinear optical microscopy.
Shaped by Quantum Theory, Technology, and the Genomics Revolution The integration of photonics, electronics, biomaterials, and nanotechnology holds great promise for the future of medicine. This topic has recently experienced an explosive growth due to the noninvasive or minimally invasive nature and the cost-effectiveness of photonic modalities in medical diagnostics and therapy. The second edition of the Biomedical Photonics Handbook presents recent fundamental developments as well as important applications of biomedical photonics of interest to scientists, engineers, manufacturers, teachers, students, and clinical providers. The first volume, Fundamentals, Devices, and Techniques, focuses on the fundamentals of biophotonics, optical techniques, and devices. Represents the Collective Work of over 150 Scientists, Engineers, and Clinicians Designed to display the most recent advances in instrumentation and methods, as well as clinical applications in important areas of biomedical photonics to a broad audience, this three-volume handbook provides an inclusive forum that serves as an authoritative reference source for a broad audience involved in the research, teaching, learning, and practice of medical technologies. What’s New in This Edition: A wide variety of photonic biochemical sensing technologies has already been developed for clinical monitoring of physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, blood chemistry, pH, temperature, and the presence of pathological organisms or biochemical species of clinical importance. Advanced photonic detection technologies integrating the latest knowledge of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics allow sensing of early disease states, thus revolutionizing the medicine of the future. Nanobiotechnology has opened new possibilities for detection of biomarkers of disease, imaging single molecules, and in situ diagnostics at the single-cell level. In addition to these state-of-the-art advancements, the second edition contains new topics and chapters including: • Fiber Optic Probe Design • Laser and Optical Radiation Safety • Photothermal Detection • Multidimensional Fluorescence Imaging • Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging • Molecular Contrast Optical Coherence Tomography • Multiscale Photoacoustics • Polarized Light for Medical Diagnostics • Quantitative Diffuse Reflectance Imaging • Interferometric Light Scattering • Nonlinear Interferometric Vibrational Imaging • Multimodality Theranostics Nanoplatforms • Nanoscintillator-Based Therapy • SERS Molecular Sentinel Nanoprobes • Plasmonic Coupling Interference Nanoprobes Comprised of three books: Volume I: Fundamentals, Devices, and Techniques; Volume II: Biomedical Diagnostics; and Volume III: Therapeutics and Advanced Biophotonics, this second edition contains eight sections, and provides introductory material in each chapter. It also includes an overview of the topic, an extensive collection of spectroscopic data, and lists of references for further reading.
Shaped by Quantum Theory, Technology, and the Genomics RevolutionThe integration of photonics, electronics, biomaterials, and nanotechnology holds great promise for the future of medicine. This topic has recently experienced an explosive growth due to the noninvasive or minimally invasive nature and the cost-effectiveness of photonic modalities in