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The countries of Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) represent a wealth of natural resources; the world's greatest agrobiodiversity; and immense economic, social, and environmental diversity. As an example, the region is home to Brazil--the world's fifth-largest country in terms of both area and population--yet it also comprises numerous Caribbean island nations populated by fewer than 100,000 people. Nonetheless, LAC countries exhibit much commonality, including significant urban populations, high ethnic diversity, and increasing inequality and poverty. Another shared factor is that many LAC countries have reformed or are in the process of reforming their economies through structural adjustment programs. Agriculture faces many challenges in LAC, especially in the context of development. Rising food prices are a growing policy concern for both low- and middle-income countries, and, whereas the region as a whole is a net food exporter, poor consumers suffer the negative impacts of food-price inflation on their incomes and thus on their health and nutrition. In addition, international value chains and supermarkets are transforming domestic food markets, thereby posing serious challenges to smallholders in their ability to remain competitive. As commercial agriculture expands, the agricultural labor market and rural nonfarm economy become vital if resulting productivity gains are to have a beneficial effect on rural poverty.
Conceptual framework and definitions; Public and private sector agricultural research; Institutional changes.
The economic and institutional environment for NARS in the 1990s; Public and private sector funding and execution of research: key concepts; Alternative financing mechanisms; Perspectives for the year 2000 and beyond.
Between 2001 and 2012, Latin America and the Caribbean’s (LAC) agriculture saw its best performance of the last 30 years. Given the importance of agricultural R&D investment to sustain agricultural growth in the future, this study looks at the state of agricultural R&D investment in LAC, and analyzes the role that this investment played in the performance of agriculture in recent years. This is done by developing a new approach for the estimation of knowledge stocks that allow us to obtain R&D elasticities and measures of return to R&D investment that avoid some of the major problems encountered in the literature that uses econometric methods.
This report looks at progress made in “growing greener cities” in Latin America and the Caribbean – cities in which urban and peri-urban agriculture is recognized by public policy, included in urban development strategies and land-use planning, supported by agricultural research and extension, and linked to sources of technological innovation, investment and credit, and to urban markets and consumers.