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A comprehensive and integrated introduction to the phenomena and theories of perceptual learning, focusing on the visual domain. Practice or training in perceptual tasks improves the quality of perceptual performance, often by a substantial amount. This improvement is called perceptual learning (in contrast to learning in the cognitive or motor domains), and it has become an active area of research of both theoretical and practical significance. This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the phenomena and theories of perceptual learning, focusing on the visual domain. Perceptual Learning explores the tradeoff between the competing goals of system stability and system adaptability, signal and noise, retuning and reweighting, and top-down versus bottom-down processes. It examines and evaluates existing research and potential future directions, including evidence from behavior, physiology, and brain imaging, and existing perceptual learning applications, with a focus on important theories and computational models. It also compares visual learning to learning in other perceptual domains, and considers the application of visual training methods in the development of perceptual expertise and education as well as in remediation for limiting visual conditions. It provides an integrated treatment of the subject for students and researchers and for practitioners who want to incorporate perceptual learning into their practice.Practice or training in perceptual tasks improves the quality of perceptual performance, often by a substantial amount. This improvement is called perceptual learning, in contrast with learning in the cognitive or motor domains. Perceptual learning has been a very active area of research of both theoretical and practical interest. Research on perceptual learning is of theoretical significance in illuminating plasticity in adult perceptual systems, and in understanding the limitations of human information processing and how to improve them. It is of practical significance as a potential method for the development of perceptual expertise in the normal population, for its potential in advancing development and supporting healthy aging, and for noninvasive amelioration of deficits in challenged populations by training. Perceptual learning has become an increasingly important topic in biomedical research. Practitioners in this area include science disciplines such as psychology, neuroscience, computer sciences, and optometry, and developers in applied areas of learning game design, cognitive development and aging, and military and biomedical applications. Commercial development of training products, protocols, and games is a multi-billion dollar industry. Perceptual learning provides the basis for many of the developments in these areas. This book is written for anyone who wants to understand the phenomena and theories of perceptual learning or to apply the technology of perceptual learning to the development of training methods and products. Our aim is to provide an introduction to those researchers and students just entering this exciting field, to provide a comprehensive and integrated treatment of the phenomena and the theories of perceptual learning for active perceptual learning researchers, and to describe and develop the basic techniques and principles for readers who want to successfully incorporate perceptual learning into applied developments. The book considers the special challenges of perceptual learning that balance the competing goals of system stability and system adaptability. It provides a systematic treatment of the major phenomena and models in perceptual learning, the determinants of successful learning and of specificity and transfer. The book provides a cohesive consideration of the broad range of perceptual learning through the theoretical framework of incremental learning of reweighting evidence that supports successful task performance. It provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms by which perceptual learning improves perceptual limitations, the relationship of perceptual learning and the critical period of development, and the semi-supervised modes of learning that dominate perceptual learning. It considers limitations and constraints on learning multiple tasks and stimuli simultaneously, the implications of training at high or low levels of performance accuracy, and the importance of feedback to perceptual learning. The basis of perceptual learning in physiology is discussed along with the relationship of visual perceptual learning to learning in other sensory domains. The book considers the applications of perceptual learning in the development of expertise, in education and gaming, in training during development and aging, and applications to remediation of mental health and vision disorders. Finally, it applies the phenomena and models of perceptual learning to considerations of optimizing training.
"Recent developments in brain science inspire increasing interests in understanding how our brain dynamically learns to perform different tasks. Investigations on brain plasticity shed new light to the mechanisms of different basic brain functions, and they also provide unique knowledge for applications in the domain of brain fitness and rehabilitation. In this thesis, I consider two regimes of brain plasticity induced by behavioral training - visual perceptual learning and action video game play. First, I introduce a novel motion perceptual learning task and describe distinct transfer patterns obtained after training on the small low contrast (SLC) and the large high contrast (LHC) moving textures. Surprisingly, training on LHC stimuli impaired performance on SLC stimuli. By combining two well-known cortical computations - the center-surround and the gain control mechanisms, a simple computational framework explains the learning effects as consequences of alteration in the spatial extent of excitation and inhibition filters. Next, inferences were made about the cortical locus of motion perceptual learning by employing component and pattern motion stimuli, which have been well documented in linking to motion processing in V1 and MT, respectively. Results strongly support the notion that learning takes place in MT rather in V1. Third, I demonstrated that a novel illusion measured in visual periphery revealed a strong centrifugal bias of velocity perception, and such a prior was supposed to originate from long-term exposure to optical flow stimuli. Then, the topic was switched from low-level visual perceptual learning to a more comprehensive training regime - playing action video games. In a series of experiments, I tested the possibility that action video game experience boosts general learning ability. This approach allows us to resolve the long-standing question of why action video game play generates enhanced performance in so many cognitive tasks. Overall, these studies suggest that our brain is highly malleable and highlight behavioral training as a powerful way to enhance our perceptual and cognitive functions."--Pages vii-viii.
Perceptual learning is the specific and relatively permanent modification of perception and behaviour following sensory experience. This book presents advances made during the 1990s in this rapidly growing field.
Perceptual learning is a pervasive and specific improvement in the performance of a perceptual task with training. This dissertation examines the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine(ACh) in perceptual learning in a series of behavioral and pharmacological studies in healthy human subjects. ACh plays a role in cognitive functions such as attention and in animal models it has been found to play a role in the facilitation of neural plasticity. The work described here focused on the learning of a visual motion direction discrimination task. In the first study described, I provide a theoretical framework for the study of learning of this task. This part examined the "oblique effect", an advantage in performing this task when stimuli are presented in cardinal, rather than oblique directions. I present both experimental evidence and a population coding model that indicate the oblique effect in behavior may rely on the unequal representation of oblique and cardinal directions in visual areas in cortex. The model suggests that the oblique effect relies on an interplay of this representation with the decoding of the stimulus in higher cortical regions. In the second part of this thesis, participants were administered the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil while training on the motion direction discrimination task, performed in oblique directions. As previously described, this training abolishes the behavioral oblique effect. Moreover, donepezil increased the effects of training on performance and the specificity of these effects to the oblique direction and the visual field location in which learning took place, suggesting that ACh directs learning towards cells encoding behaviorally relevant features of the stimulus. The third part presents a study investigating the role of ACh in the allocation of voluntary visual spatial attention (which can be allocated in a goal-oriented manner) and involuntary attention (which is automatically captured by salient events). We used an anti-predictive spatial cueing task to assess the effects of pharmacological enhancement of cholinergic transmission on behavioral measures of voluntary and involuntary attention. We found that cholinergic enhancement with donepezil augments the benefits of voluntary attention but does not affect involuntary attention, suggesting that they rely on different neurochemical mechanisms. Taken together, the results of the second and third parts of this thesis provide converging evidence for a potential mechanism of learning: ACh mediates the allocation of voluntary attention, which in turn provides a necessary substrate for learning to occur.
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation publishes empirical and theoretical contributions in cognitive and experimental psychology, ranging from classical and instrumental conditioning to complex learning and problem solving. Each chapter provides a thoughtful integration of a body of work. Includes computational models of human learning Provides contributions from ten leading researchers in the field Contains interdisciplinary perspectives on perceptual learning Synthesizes research from psychology and computer science Focuses on the specific mechanisms that drive perceptual learning
Psychophysics is a lively account by one of experimental psychology's seminal figures of his lifelong scientific quest for general laws governing human behavior. It is a landmark work that captures the fundamental themes of Stevens's experimental research and his vision of what psycho-physics and psychology are and can be. The context of this modern classic is detailed by Lawrence Marks's pungent and highly revealing introduction. The search for a general psychophysical law—a mathematical equation relating sensation to stimulus—pervades this work, first published in 1975. Stevens covers methods of measuring human psychophysical behavior: magnitude estimation, magnitude production, and cross-modality matching are used to examine sensory mechanisms, perceptual processes, and social consensus. The wisdom in this volume lies in its exposition of an approach that can apply generally to the study of human behavior
Understanding visual perceptual organization remains a challenge for vision science. Perceptual Organization in Vision: Behavioral and Neural Perspectives explores ideas emanating from behavioral, developmental, neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and computational approaches to the problem of perceptual organization. The growing body of research on perceptual organization has converged on a number of critical issues, most of which are addressed in this volume. These include issues concerning the nature and order of organizational processes, the stimulus factors that engage the mechanisms of organization, the developmental stage at which the mechanisms of organization are available, the role of past experience and learning in organization, the neural mechanisms underlying perceptual organization, and the relations between perceptual organization and other cognitive processes, in particular, object recognition and visual attention. Divided into four parts, the book is designed not only to detail the current state of the art in the field but also to promote an interdisciplinary approach to the study of perceptual organization. Part I presents an overview of the problem of perceptual organization, different frameworks for understanding perceptual organization, and a state-of-the-art summary of the domain. Part II details which organizational processes are hardwired in the perceptual system, which are acquired through experience, and how object perception relates to other aspects of cognition. Part III describes various attempts to understand the neural mechanisms underlying perceptual organization using two different approaches--neurophysiological and neuropsychological. Part IV offers a computational approach to the problem. This book is intended for cognitive psychologists, neuroscientists, computational vision scientists, and developmental psychologists.
The Wiley Handbook on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning charts the evolution of associative analysis and the neuroscientific study of behavior as parallel approaches to understanding how the brain learns that both challenge and inform each other. Covers a broad range of topics while maintaining an overarching integrative approach Includes contributions from leading authorities in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, associative learning, and behavioral psychology Extends beyond the psychological study of learning to incorporate coverage of the latest developments in neuroscientific research