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Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake is a tropical species occurring naturally in a group of islands of the Lesser Sunda Archipelago, beteween 6 and 10 latitude Sourth and between 188 and 128 longitude East. E. urophylla grows in a wide range of soils from almost sea level to 2980 meters in altitude. The climate ranges from hot to cool tropical conditions with a pronounced dry seasson of about three months in the winter. A study was made of genetic variation in E. urophylla taken from an altitudional transect mostly in East Timor with the exception of one seed sample which came from 600m altitude in the nearby island of pantar. The physiological basis of the genetic variation with altitude was examined by growing seedlings fram six altitudes, 600, 1200, 1500, 2100m and 2740m, under controlled conditions. The seeds were found to vary in size with altitude, being larger in the provenances from higher altitudes. Cotyledon size was dependent on seed size and strongly affected the early seedling growth, larger cotyledons resulting in larger seedlings up to four weeks of age. After four weeks the positive relationship of cotyledon size and seedling growth changed, firstly disappearing in the six-week-old seedlings then becaming negative in seedlings at eight weeks of age. The germination of seeds in a range of constant temperature (10 to 40) showed that all provenances germinated equally weel between 20 and 32 C, with an optium around 31C. These was a slightly superior rate of germination of the high altitude provences at the lawest temperature regime. Seedlings grown at four temperatures (12, 20, 25 and 30 C) fram 12 to 22 weeks age showed that all provenances grew best at the two highest temperatures. Howeres, differences were found between provenances with a trend to decreased height and dry weight with increasing altitude. This trend was associated with changes in certain characters. Leaf size and internode length decreased with rise in altitude of seed provenance while leaf thickness increased with altitude. Two conclusions are drawn with regard to field plantations o f E. urophylla in the tropics. The firsts is that seedling selection shoud be delayed until the age at least eight weeks in order to avoid the overriding influence of seed and cotyledon size the early growth of seedlings. The second is that low altitude populations are better adapted to grow in high temperature conditions, but high altitude populations are likely to be more successful in the cool conditions found at high altitudes.
Eucalyptus urophylla is one of the most extensively used forest tree species in plantation forestry worldwide. Commonly, E. urophylla is used in hybrid combinations with species possessing better wood properties largely because it is an exceptional grower and it imparts good disease resistance. E. urophylla is endemic to islands of the Lesser Sunda archipelago situated north of Australia. Human induced deforestation practices including urbanization are threatening the existence of several natural populations of the species throughout its range. It has become crucial that efforts be made to conserve the genetic resources in this species. To this end, a forest tree conservation genetics organization called Camcore (http://www.camcore.org) in collaboration with other forestry institutions has initiated seed collection explorations throughout the Lesser Sunda archipelago. Collected seed was sown in provenance test trials to gather information including growth performance of different genotypes in exotic locations. Comprehensive species-wide genetic diversity surveys (at the gene and genome levels) will assist in determining the genetic relationships between different E. urophylla populations, information that is relevant for guiding in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for the species. Nucleotide diversity studies exploit the diversity between homologous gene sequences from different individuals to identify the genetic variation underlying phenotypic traits. Commonly, genetic variation is in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Information on SNP diversity coupled with a detailed understanding of the molecular evolution of candidate genes including linkage disequilibrium (LD), selection and recombination may lead to the identification of haplotypes (a combination of SNPs that are inherited together) that associate with trait variation. Thus, sequence diversity surveys in candidate wood biosynthetic genes in E. urophylla may lead to the identification of allelic (SNP) haplotypes that associate with wood quality traits. Such haplotypes will be very valuable in Eucalyptus breeding programmes. The aim of the current M.Sc. study was to investigate levels of nucleotide and allelic (SNP) diversity in three candidate wood biosynthetic genes of E. urophylla. Levels of nucleotide diversity were surveyed in two cellulose biosynthetic genes, namely, cellulose synthase 1 (CesA1) and sucrose synthase 1 (SuSy1), and the lignin biosynthetic gene cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (CAD2) of E. urophylla. This was achieved by sequencing two DNA fragments of approximately 1000 base pairs (bp) from the 5 and 3 ends of one randomly cloned allele (for each gene) in each of the 25 E. urophylla representative individuals. These individuals originated from different families and populations across the seven islands of the Lesser Sunda archipelago. Average levels of nucleotide diversity and SNP haplotype diversity in EuCesA1, EuSuSy1 and EuCAD2 genes were approximately 1% and 0.95, respectively. SNP density was similar among the three genes with one SNP occurring every 40 bp on average. LD declined to minimal levels within 1000 bp in EuCesA1 and EuSuSy1, but remained significant across the 3000 bp length of EuCAD2. An allele-based geographic analysis based on SNP haplotypes revealed that there was no significant clustering of SNP haplotypes based on island of origin. Nonetheless, high SNP density and low LD levels suggest that the E. urophylla may be useful for high-resolution LD mapping and gene-based marker development for marker-assisted breeding programmes.
As the afforestation programme of Brazil moves from the south to central western and northeastern areas, interest inf the species is increasing, since it has been recommended for plantations in areas not suitable for species such as Eucallyptus grandis Hill ex.Maiden, Eucalyptus saligna Smith and Eucalyptus urophylla S. T.Bleke. These species are not well suited to the high temperatures and long dry periods of the central west and northeast. The aaim of this work is to collect and interpret the information avaliable on the growth performance of a number of provenances of E. camaldulensis, representing most of its distribution over the northern part of Australia (the states of Vestern Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory) and growing ini a range of sites in the central west and southeast regions of Brazil. Where possible, attempts will be made to analyse statistically the differences in provenances due to environmental conditions of the sites from where seeds were collected, as well as to those of the trial sites. The genetic variationi and the genotype-environment interactin for the species will also be examined. Other studies will also be made. These are (1) dendometryl-growth, volume equations and bark content; (2) wood- wood density charcoal and pulp yield. In some of these studies the results for E. camaldulensis will be compared with results for E. grandis, E. tereticornic Smith, E. cloeziana F. Muell and E. urophylla. The results of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the genetic variation of this important species in Brazil. They will also assist those involved with research, afforestation and wood utilization in the selection of the best material for plantation and for industry.
The well-being of rural communities affects the well-being of those who reside in towns and cities because of rural-urban connections through food, drinking water, infectious disease, extreme environmental events, recreation, and for many, retirement residence. In rural areas themselves, women play a critical role in the health of their families and communities, yet women’s health is often marginalized or ignored. There have been limited studies to date about rural women and health in Canada. Filling an important gap in scholarship, this collection identifies priority issues that must be addressed to ensure these women’s well-being and offers innovative theoretical and methodological ideas for improvement. Rural Women’s Health integrates perspectives from rural practitioners, residents, and scholars in a variety of fields, including nursing, sociology, anthropology, and geography, to tackle issues relevant to diverse settings across the country. As such, it presents a national perspective on the nature of women’s health while respecting internal and regional diversity, as well as viewpoints from international scholarship.