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Economists wish to compare prices, real income, and output across countries and regions for many purposes. In the past, such comparisons were made in nominal terms, or by using exchange rates across countries, ignoring differences in price levels and thus distorting the results. Great progress has been made in interspatial comparisons in the past thirty years, but descriptions and discussions of the new measures have been scattered in unpublished or inaccessible papers. International and Interarea Comparisons of Income, Output, and Prices includes discussions of developments in the United Nations International Comparison Program, the largest effort in this field, and in the ICOP program on the production side, including efforts in both to extend the comparisons to the formerly planned economies. Other papers in this volume explore new programs on interspatial comparisons within the United States. There are also theoretical papers on how interspatial comparisons should be made and several examples of uses of such comparisons.
Services industries account for almost three-quarters of both gross domestic product and employment in Canada, a trend that Canada shares with other G-7 countries. Furthermore, the services sector has been responsible for most of Canada's employment creation and much of its productivity growth over the past decade and the sector's importance to the Canadian economy continues to increase. Thirty renowned experts contribute to this volume, which is aimed at better understanding the dynamics of Canadian services industries and identifying the types of policies most likely to improve their innovation and productivity performance.
Best practices for implementing Lean techniques in retail and wholesale “Essential reading for those who want to learn how Lean provides a competitive edge in today’s fast-paced, multi-channel, and cost-conscious environment.” --Mark Temkin, Director, Demand Planning, Barnes & Noble, Inc. “Provides an enlightening perspective on the applications of Lean principles to the increasingly challenging worlds of the retail and wholesale sectors.” --Professor C. John Langley, Jr., Penn State University Featuring real-world case studies, this practical, streamlined guide reveals how utilize a comprehensive Lean methodology throughout retail and wholesale businesses to reduce costs and improve productivity, quality, customer service, and profitability. Lean Retail and Wholesale examines Lean opportunities from the viewpoint of retail strategy, merchandise management, and store and distribution operations and provides a holistic, systematic approach for identifying and eliminating non-value-added activities. The Lean techniques presented can be applied to traditional brick-and-mortar wholesalers and retailers as well as e-businesses. Coverage includes: Using Lean as a tool to survive and thrive in retail and wholesale (R)evolution of retail--from the general store to e-commerce The Lean journey from goods to services Lean retail and wholesale: early signs of promise Basic Lean concepts and tools: building a solid foundation Advanced Lean concepts and tools: K.I.S.S. (keep it simple and straightforward) Retail strategy: sales and marketing, location, human resources management, IT, supply chain management, and customer relationship management Merchandise management: planning, buying, pricing, and communications Store operations management Lean retail and wholesale distribution Lean assessments and value stream mapping Leadership, culture, teams, and training Partnering, outsourcing, import, technology, and Six Sigma Critical thinking and continuous improvement: methodology, education, training, and analytics Defining and measuring success—measurements and current statistics The road ahead: thoughts and suggestions on the future of Lean in retail and wholesale
Examines the growing role of services in the world economy