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This book provides a fascinating study of the very important emerging field of direct reduction in which iron ore is ‘directly reduced’ in the solid-state, using either natural gas or non-coking coal, to produce a highly metallised material, referred to as sponge iron (or direct reduced iron). This intermediate product is subsequently melted in electric arc furnaces or induction furnaces (sometimes even in basic oxygen furnaces) to produce liquid steel. Such a process combination enables steel to be produced without using coking coal, which is an expensive input in the normal blast furnace—basic oxygen furnace route of steelmaking adopted in integrated steel plants. The book offers comprehensive coverage and critical assessment of various coal-based and gas-based direct reduction processes. Besides dealing with the application of the theoretical principles involved in the thermodynamics and kinetics of direct reduction, the book also contains some worked-out examples on sponge iron production. The concluding part of this seminal book summarises the present and future scenario of direct reduction, including the use of gas generated from coal in direct reduction processes. The book is primarily intended for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of metallurgical engineering. It is also a must-read for researchers, technologists and process metallurgists engaged in the rapidly developing field of direct reduction of iron oxides, which is of critical importance for India and other developing nations that are beginning to play a major role in global steelmaking.
With a boom in the steel industry all over the world today, the demand of sponge iron has considerably increased as a feed (raw) material to steel making. The increase in the demand of sponge iron is also due to the fact that it is used for replacing coke making required for blast furnace processing. The primary objective of this book is to provide the basis, principles, fundamentals and theory of sponge iron production. This book, earlier titled as Sponge Iron Production in Rotary Kiln, is revised as per the feedback from students, faculty members and professionals. It, now, covers broad spectrum of alternative routes of iron making, therefore, the book is renamed as Alternative Routes to Iron Making. In this revised edition of the book, three new chapters have been added to fulfil the requirement of a textbook for various universities. NEW TO THIS EDITION • New chapters on: o Utilization of Sponge Iron o Environmental Pollution and Control in Sponge Iron Industries o Smelting Reduction Process • Inclusion of principle of fluidisation in fluidised bed processes • Description of Hyl III process with recent development of the process Primarily intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of metal-lurgical engineering, this book is equally beneficial for researchers, and professionals engaged in DR processes and steel industries.
Comprehensively deals with the production of sponge iron in the rotary kiln. It is divided into 17 chapters. The initial chapters give a brief on the fundamental theories and basic principles of sponge iron production, commercially used DR (direct reduction) processes and physico-chemical principles of sponge iron production. The book then goes on elucidating the testing procedures of raw materials needed for the direct reduction processes.
This book presents the fundamentals of iron and steel making, including the physical chemistry, thermodynamics and key concepts, while also discussing associated problems and solutions. It guides the reader through the production process from start to finish, covers the raw materials, and addresses the types of processes and reactions involved in both conventional and alternative methods. Though primarily intended as a textbook for students of metallurgical engineering, the book will also prove a useful reference for professionals and researchers working in this area.
Annotation About the Book: Now that India is virtually the only player in this field, an elaboration is needed with respect to more fundamental understanding as well as future prospects and needs, which this edition has tried to fulfill. It can now fulfill the need of a reference textbook in alternate iron making area for undergraduate and post graduate students in Metallurgical, Production, Manufacturing, Chemical, Materials and to a minor extent Mechanical Engineering disciplines. The aim of fulfilling the needs of entrepreneurs and plant operators has not only been retained; it has been elaborated. Further, the basic aspects have been presented in a way that is lucid and simple to understand and should serve as an incentive to the operators and entrepreneurs to develop a deeper understanding of the process. The project engineering section now gives guidelines sufficient to make a project report. Opportunities available to this process and the competition it faces has also been highlighted. A chapter on reaction kinetics has been included as also a section on iron ore and pellets. Other sections included are on Aerodynamics, Auto Ignition, Coal Throwing, etc. Rest of the text has been updated to the extent possible. Some advanced features have been introduced such as Mathematical Modeling, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Reduction Mechanism, etc. to give researchers in the area of food for thought. Contents: IntroductionRotary Kiln Process of Making Sponge IronThermodynamic Considerations: Feasibility of ReactionAerodynamics inside a Sponge Iron Rotary KilnMathematical Modelling in Rotary Kiln Sponge Iron MakingPhysical Movement of Solids inside a Rotary Kiln: Charge Movement and Coal Throwing/SlingingRequirement, Generation and Transfer of Heat in a Sponge Iron Rotary KilnReaction KineticsRaw Materials for Sponge Iron MakingAccretion or Ring Formation inside a Rotary KilnSponge Iron Properties: Re-oxidation and Auto-Ignition of Sponge IronUses of Sponge IronProcess Design, Engineering & Operational Aspects of an RK-DR PlantOther Uses of Rotary Kiln for Reduction PurposesEnvironmental Aspects of Sponge Iron Making in Rotary Kiln and Future Prospect.
This book reviews the factors affecting metal dusting and how it can be prevented in sectors such as the chemical and petrochemical industries and in the direct reduction of iron ores. It also considers the related corrosion phenomena of carburization and nitridation. Topics include: key processes involved in metal dusting; how this corrosion process affects a range of metals such as iron and steel, as well as nickel-based and chromium-based high-temperature alloys; effects of particular gas mixtures on the corrosion process and on the use of coatings to prevent metal dusting; processes involved in carburization and nitridation. --
While there are several books on market that are designed to serve a company's daily shop-floor needs. Their focus is mainly on the physically making specific types of welds on specific types of materials with specific welding processes. There is nearly zero focus on the design, maintenance and troubleshooting of the welding systems and equipment. Applied Welding Engineering: Processes, Codes and Standards is designed to provide a practical in-depth instruction for the selection of the materials incorporated in the joint, joint inspection, and the quality control for the final product. Welding Engineers will also find this book a valuable source for developing new welding processes or procedures for new materials as well as a guide for working closely with design engineers to develop efficient welding designs and fabrication procedures. Applied Welding Engineering: Processes, Codes and Standards is based on a practical approach. The book's four part treatment starts with a clear and rigorous exposition of the science of metallurgy including but not limited to: Alloys, Physical Metallurgy, Structure of Materials, Non-Ferrous Materials, Mechanical Properties and Testing of Metals and Heal Treatment of Steels. This is followed by self-contained sections concerning applications regarding Section 2: Welding Metallurgy & Welding Processes, Section 3: Nondestructive Testing, and Section 4: Codes and Standards. The author's objective is to keep engineers moored in the theory taught in the university and colleges while exploring the real world of practical welding engineering. Other topics include: Mechanical Properties and Testing of Metals, Heat Treatment of Steels, Effect of Heat on Material During Welding, Stresses, Shrinkage and Distortion in Welding, Welding, Corrosion Resistant Alloys-Stainless Steel, Welding Defects and Inspection, Codes, Specifications and Standards. The book is designed to support welding and joining operations where engineers pass plans and projects to mid-management personnel who must carry out the planning, organization and delivery of manufacturing projects. In this book, the author places emphasis on developing the skills needed to lead projects and interface with engineering and development teams. In writing this book, the book leaned heavily on the author's own experience as well as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (www.asme.org), American Welding Society (www.aws.org), American Society of Metals (www.asminternational.org), NACE International (www.nace.org), American Petroleum Institute (www.api.org), etc. Other sources includes The Welding Institute, UK (www.twi.co.uk), and Indian Air force training manuals, ASNT (www.asnt.org), the Canadian Standard Association (www.cas.com) and Canadian General Standard Board (CGSB) (www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca). - Rules for developing efficient welding designs and fabrication procedures - Expert advice for complying with international codes and standards from the American Welding Society, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and The Welding Institute(UK) - Practical in-depth instruction for the selection of the materials incorporated in the joint, joint inspection, and the quality control for the final product.