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The thermochemistry of alloys has interested generations of scientists and the subject was treated in classical textbooks long ago, e.g. by Hume-Rothery, by Wagner, and by Kubaschewski and Alcock. Nevertheless, the appearance of new materials and the desire to improve traditional materials and metallurgical processes has kept up demand for more information on the thermodynamics of these systems. The advent of computing power has created new opportunities to tie various aspects and properties together, such as phase diagrams and thermodynamic functions, that are in principle thermodynamically inter related but were too cumbersome to work out before. The computer has also been a powerful tool in buUding and testing models that help to explain the underlying causes of non-ideal behavior. At the same time, these calculations have pinpointed areas, where additional and more accurate data are needed. In the laboratory, new methods, improved materials, and sophistica ted instrumentation have gradually changed the way in which experiments are done. Within the time span of perhaps thirty years, the development went from jotting down individual readings of data points to strip chart recording to automatic digital data acquisition. Scholars and students active in the field of "Thermochemistry of Alloys" convened for a NATO Advanced Study Institute at Kiel in August 1987 to discuss these developments. This book collects most of the lectures and seminar papers given at the Institute.
The present book is the outcome of an Advanced Study Institute meeting, which was held in Kallithea, Chalkidiki, in Northern Greece, from 12-25 May 1991 and attended by 69 delegates from 18 countries. The Institute brought together scientists, engineers and technologists currently involved in basic and applied research on the different aspects of flotation. The Institute covered subjects in four major areas of flotation: a) fundamentals; b) chemical technology aspects; c) mineral processing; and d) water and wastewater treatment. Apart from the papers reproduced in this volume, several short oral communications were also presented. Participants also had the opportunity to visit the Hellenic Chemical Products & Fertilizers Co. Ltd. mixed sulphides plant, in Chalkidiki. Conference participants, whose interest and research projects are in this broad field of science and engineering, provided a well-informed discussion of the problems encountered, as well as possible directions of future technological developments. It is hoped that this book is not only a good record of the presentations made (formal and informal), analyzing the state-of-the-art in flotation, but will also be helpful for students, scientists and technologists working in the fields of separation processes and in particular mineral processing and wastewater engineering. All the invited speakers and the participants made this summer school possible, worthwhile and enjoyable. The sponsorship by the NATO Scientific Affairs Division is gratefully ack nowledged. The Editors would like to thank the members of the Organizing Committee, Dr. B.A.
Heat treatment of metallic alloys constitutes an important step within the production process. The heat treatment process itself is considered as a cycle of heating the workpieces to a predetermined temperature, keeping them at this temperature for the time period required, and cooling them to room temperature in an appropriate way. The process of heating and keeping workpieces at the required temperature is now adays weil mastered and mostly automatized. The process of cooling or quenching which determines actually the resulting properties, is handicapped with many physical and technical uncertainties. Good results can already be obtained predominantly by using empirically based practice. But increased demands on the properties of the pro ducts as weIl as demands on safety and environment conditions of the quenching media require efforts to investigate the details of the quenching process and to transfer the results of the research to practical application. Advances in the knowledge about quenching processes have been achieved by modem applied thermodynamics especially by the heat and mass transfer researches; further the application of computer technology was helpful to new approaches in quenching pro cesses. Special emphases has been given to: - The theory of heat transfer and heat exchange intensification during quenching - Wetting kinematics - Residual stresses after quenching - Determination of the quenching intensity - Prediction of microstructural transformation and hardness distribution after quenching, the latter with some limitations.
Advances in geomicrobiology have progressed at an accelerated pace in recent years. Ehrlich's Geomicrobiology, Sixth Edition surveys various aspects of the field, including the microbial role in elemental cycling and in the formation and degradation of minerals and fossil fuels. Unlike the fifth edition, the sixth includes many expert contributors
This comprehensive reference examines all aspects of mineral processing, from the handling of raw materials to separation strategies to the remediation of waste products. It incorporates state-of-the-art developments in the fields of engineering, chemistry, computer science, and environmental science.