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The subject area embraced by the term "biological control" in its classical sense is very broad indeed. The term itself was apparently first used in 1919 by the late Harry S. Smith, and was then used specifically in reference to the suppression of insect populations by the actions of their indigenous or introduced natural enemies. The California school of biological control specialists who followed in Smith's footsteps have traditionally differentiated "natural" biological control (by indigenous natural enemies) and "applied" biological control (by man-introduced natural enemies). Subsequently, the philosophy broadened beyond the original narrow concern with population suppression of insects (and especially pest insects), to embrace directed activities against mites or other arthropod pests, various invertebrate and vertebrate pests, weeds, and organisms producing disease in humans or their domestic animals and plants. The techniques used in these activities also multiplied beyond the original concern with natural enemies. The subjects area discussed in this book is, at the same time, broader and more restricted than that covered in other books on "biological control. " On the one hand, the treatment here is restrictive in that, with rare exception, we have limited ourselves to dealing only with ideas and examples involving the suppression of insect pests through human activity or intervention in the environment.
The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly method of pest control that integrates well into area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programmes. This book takes a generic, thematic, comprehensive, and global approach in describing the principles and practice of the SIT. The strengths and weaknesses, and successes and failures, of the SIT are evaluated openly and fairly from a scientific perspective. The SIT is applicable to some major pests of plant-, animal-, and human-health importance, and criteria are provided to guide in the selection of pests appropriate for the SIT. In the second edition, all aspects of the SIT have been updated and the content considerably expanded. A great variety of subjects is covered, from the history of the SIT to improved prospects for its future application. The major chapters discuss the principles and technical components of applying sterile insects. The four main strategic options in using the SIT — suppression, containment, prevention, and eradication — with examples of each option are described in detail. Other chapters deal with supportive technologies, economic, environmental, and management considerations, and the socio-economic impact of AW-IPM programmes that integrate the SIT. In addition, this second edition includes six new chapters covering the latest developments in the technology: managing pathogens in insect mass-rearing, using symbionts and modern molecular technologies in support of the SIT, applying post-factory nutritional, hormonal, and semiochemical treatments, applying the SIT to eradicate outbreaks of invasive pests, and using the SIT against mosquito vectors of disease. This book will be useful reading for students in animal-, human-, and plant-health courses. The in-depth reviews of all aspects of the SIT and its integration into AW-IPM programmes, complete with extensive lists of scientific references, will be of great value to researchers, teachers, animal-, human-, and plant-health practitioners, and policy makers.
With the ever-increasing resistance of pests to pesticides and the growing concern over environmental pollution, it becomes evident that the problem of pest attack on crops cannot be solved by any one system. Separate controls need to be integrated into a complex measure, of which biological control would be one component. A rapidly growing factor in biological control is the harnessing of pathogens, showing particular progress have been selected from the major taxonomic divisions, as subjects for a series of compact chapters about their identification, practical use and toxins. Other chapters investigate the potential of genetic engineering; aspects of technology and integration such as formulation, application machinery, ecology and biostatistical modelling; safety and the insects' defence mechanisms; and impressions of use and research in the People's Republic of China. Each of the sixty authors and co-authors is a specialist, writing closely around his own field. Microbial Control of Insects and Mites the 1971 forbear of this book, assessed the subject up to 1970. As a broadly-based reference work, it revealed almost as many problems as solutions, and left inevitable gaps in coverage. This new work is a sequel and a supplement to the now critically-acclaimed initial work and not a revision or new edition: repetition of that material is stringently avoided. The present work covers new material appearing since 1970 and fills some of the gaps. In particular, the scope has been widened to include the use of competitors, inhibitors and diseases of plant pathogens as alternatives to chemical fungicides and bactericides. Although essentially a practical book, it delves deeply into fundamental information when an understanding of the subject is necessary to the reader. Each chapter attempts to probe the future, while the final chapter provides an analysis of the decade's strategy and progress. A painstaking conciseness exercised by contributors and editors has enabled this vast subject to be encompassed in a single volume. The work is aimed at a wide readership of pest control practitioners, research workers, students and lecturers seeking new information on advanced topics. It will interest insect pathologists, entomologists, plant pathologists, ecologists, biochemists and virologists as well as microbiologists generally. Those who have benefitted from its forbear will find this an essential complement to that work.
This book reviews interagency research and development of classical (importation) biological control of Bemisia tabaci (biotype B) conducted in the USA from 1992- 2002. The successful discovery, evaluation, release, and establishment of at least five exotic B. tabaci natural enemies in rapid response to the devastating infestations in the USA represents a landmark in interagency cooperation and coordination of multiple disciplines. The review covers all key aspects of the classical biocontrol program, beginning with foreign exploration and quarantine culture, through dev- opment of mass rearing methodology, laboratory and field evaluation for efficacy, to field releases, integration with other management approaches, and monitoring for establishment and potential non-target impacts. The importance of morphological and molecular taxonomy to the success of the program is also emphasized. The book’s contributors include 28 USDA, state department of agriculture, and univ- sity scientists who participated in various aspects of the project. Bemisia tabaci continues to be a pest of major concern in many parts of the world, especially since the recent spread of the Q biotype, so the publication of a review of the biological control program for the B biotype is especially timely. We anticipate that our review of the natural enemies that were evaluated and which have established in the USA will benefit researchers and IPM practitioners in other nations affected by B. tabaci.
Biographic Memoirs: Volume 62 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again.