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Micromechanical manufacturing based on microequipment creates new possibi- ties in goods production. If microequipment sizes are comparable to the sizes of the microdevices to be produced, it is possible to decrease the cost of production drastically. The main components of the production cost - material, energy, space consumption, equipment, and maintenance - decrease with the scaling down of equipment sizes. To obtain really inexpensive production, labor costs must be reduced to almost zero. For this purpose, fully automated microfactories will be developed. To create fully automated microfactories, we propose using arti?cial neural networks having different structures. The simplest perceptron-like neural network can be used at the lowest levels of microfactory control systems. Adaptive Critic Design, based on neural network models of the microfactory objects, can be used for manufacturing process optimization, while associative-projective neural n- works and networks like ART could be used for the highest levels of control systems. We have examined the performance of different neural networks in traditional image recognition tasks and in problems that appear in micromechanical manufacturing. We and our colleagues also have developed an approach to mic- equipment creation in the form of sequential generations. Each subsequent gene- tion must be of a smaller size than the previous ones and must be made by previous generations. Prototypes of ?rst-generation microequipment have been developed and assessed.
This significant and uniquely comprehensive five-volume reference is a valuable source for research workers, practitioners, computer scientists, students, and technologists. It covers all of the major topics within the subject and offers a comprehensive treatment of MEMS design, fabrication techniques, and manufacturing methods. It also includes current medical applications of MEMS technology and provides applications of MEMS to opto-electronic devices. It is clearly written, self-contained, and accessible, with helpful standard features including an introduction, summary, extensive figures and design examples with comprehensive reference lists.
A manual for both designers and users, comprehensively presenting the current state of experts' knowledge on virtual reality (VR) in computer science, mechanics, optics, acoustics, physiology, psychology, ergonomics, ethics, and related area. Designed as a reference book and design guide to help the reader develop a VR project, it presents the read
This is the second part of a four part series that covers discussion of computer design tools throughout the design process. Through this book, the reader will... - ...understand basic design principles and all digital design paradigms. - ...understand CAD/CAE/CAM tools available for various design related tasks. - ...understand how to put an integrated system together to conduct All Digital Design (ADD). - ...understand industrial practices in employing ADD and tools for product development. - Provides a comprehensive and thorough coverage of essential elements for product manufacturing and cost estimating using the computer aided engineering paradigm - Covers CAD/CAE in virtual manufacturing, tool path generation, rapid prototyping, and cost estimating; each chapter includes both analytical methods and computer-aided design methods, reflecting the use of modern computational tools in engineering design and practice - A case study and tutorial example at the end of each chapter provides hands-on practice in implementing off-the-shelf computer design tools - Provides two projects at the end of the book showing the use of Pro/ENGINEER® and SolidWorks® to implement concepts discussed in the book
Tactile sensors are basically distributed sensors which translate mechanical and physical variables and pain stimuli into electrical variables. Contact information is further processed and conveyed to a supervising system. Tactile arrays ought to be mechanically flexible (i.e., conformable to the object it is applied to) and stretchable and tactile information decoding must be implemented in real time. The development of artificial tactile sensing is a big challenge as it involves numerous research areas. Application domains include humanoid and industrial robotics, prosthetics, biomedical instrumentation, health care, cyber physical systems, virtual reality, arts, to name but a few. Recent and relevant achievements in materials and transducers have not yet successfully boosted system developments due to the challenging gaps which still need to be filled at many levels, e.g. data decoding and processing, miniaturization, mechanical compliance, robustness, among others. Tactile sensing has developed rapidly over the past three decades, but has yet to achieve high impact breakthroughs in application domains. In this Special Issue, we focus on both insights and advancements in tactile sensing with the goal of bridging different research areas, e.g., material science, electronics, robotics, neuroscience, mechanics, sensors, MEMS/NEMS, addictive and 3D manufacturing, bio and neuro-engineering.
Covering technological aspects as well as the suitability and applicability of various kinds of uses, this handbook shows optimization strategies, techniques and assembly pathways to achieve the combination of complex, even three-dimensional structures with simple manufacturing steps. The authors provide information on markets, commercialization opportunities and aspects of mass or large-scale production as well as design tools, experimental techniques, novel materials, and ideas for future improvements. Not only do they weigh up cost versus quantity, they also consider CMOS and LIGA strategies. Of interest to physicists, electronics engineers, materials scientists, institutional and industrial libraries as well as graduate students of the relevant disciplines.