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Radio-wave hazards, Radio waves, Radiofrequencies, Electromagnetic radiation, Radiation protection, Fire safety, Fire risks, Flammable atmospheres, Flammable materials, Explosive atmospheres, Ignition, Electric sparks, Transmitters, Radio transmitters, Radar transmitters, Antennas, Television transmitters, Communication equipment
Radio-wave hazards, Radio waves, Radiofrequencies, Electromagnetic radiation, Radiation protection, Fire safety, Fire risks, Flammable atmospheres, Flammable materials, Explosive atmospheres, Ignition, Electric sparks, Transmitters, Radio transmitters, Radar transmitters, Antennas, Television transmitters, Communication equipment
There is a small, but finite, probability that radio frequency currents induced in industrial structures may cause sparking at discontinuities. If a flammable gaseous mixture is present, and if the incident field strength is sufficiently great, an ignition may result, leading to deleterious consequences. There is a demand for soundly based, realistic assessment procedures to estimate the significance of this mode of hazard at sensitive industrial plants. This thesis describes work undertaken to advance understanding of this hazard and to refine assessment procedures. The first three chapters give historical reviews of the hazard and attempts to quantify it, culminating in a procedure proposed by the author. Detailed analyses are presented, on which the proposed procedure is based, particular attention being given to the behaviour of typical industrial structures as unintended receiving, antennas. The succeeding four chapters describe experimental work on one aspect of the hazard: ignition by pulsed microwave sources (e.g. radar). Design of an ignition cell. is considered, and detailed analyses of its performance are presented. The microwave power for the cell was supplied by a radar source and comprehensive instrumentation applied to the circuit, as a result of which detailed observation of the ignition phenomena was possible. These observations are presented and assessments made of the minimum energy absorbed in the ignition of hydrogen, ethylene, methane and propane, each in their most-easily-ignited admixture with air at NTP. The conclusions, the most important of which is that the current widely-accepted value of the minimum ignition energy of hydrogen is too high, are summarised in the final chapter, together with suggestions for further research.
Explosion Hazards in the Process Industries, Second Edition, delivers the most current and comprehensive content for today's process engineer. Process safety and petrochemical engineers inherently accept that there is a risk of explosions when working on process facilities such as plants and refineries. Yet many that enter this field do not have a fundamental starting point to understand the nature of explosions, and there are a lot of misconceptions and impartial information in the market. Explosion Hazards in the Process Industries, Second Edition, answers this need by providing engineers and consultants a go-to reference and training guide to understand the principles of explosions, what causes them, and how to mitigate and prevent them from reoccurring. Enhanced to include new chapters on BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions), water vapor explosions, and destructive effects from accidental explosions, this guide continues to fulfill a comprehensive introduction to the subject, rounded out with new case studies, references, and a discussion on methods of hazard and risk analysis. - Eckoff, Dust Explosions in the Process Industries, 3rd Edition, 9780750676021, Jun 2003, $240.00 - Amyotte, An Introduction to Dust Explosions, 9780123970077, Jun 2013, $49.95 - Barton, Dust Explosion Prevention and Protection, 9780750675192, Mar 2002, $155.00 - Nolan, Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Handbook Principles, 3rd, 9780323313018, May 2014, $160.00
This is a collection of papers presented at the 1985 annual meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis. As always seems to occur at these meetings, the discussion was lively, the sessions were filled, and people complained about not being able to hear all the papers they wanted to because of concurrent sessions. If ever someone is in charge of a meeting, I wish them the good luck to have it be one for the Society for Risk Analysis. While I was responsible for the meeting, it could not have taken place without the efforts of the general chairman, Alan Moshissi. The program committee was chaired by Janice Longstreth, and included Lee Abramson and Vincent Covello. Together we assembled disparate papers into reasonably coherent sessions, prodded authors into getting us manuscrLpts on time, and dealt with all the last minute changes that are required for a major meeting. The Washington chapter of the Society for Risk Analysis hosted the meeting. Dr. Longstreth was president of the chapter during this fateful year and deserves a great deal of thanks for her organizational skills and efforts. Rick Cothern, Jerry Chandler, Kathleen Knox, Sue Perlin, and Paul Price played major roles in organ1z1ng the meeting and making it run smoothly. Special thanks go to Richard J. Burk, Jr. , Executive Secretary of the Society, and his staff for handling the logistics.
In recent years public attention has focused on an array of low-probability/high-consequence (LC/HC) events that pose a signif icant threat to human health, safety, and the environment. At the same time, public and private sector responsibilities for the assessment and management of such events have grown because of a perceived need to anticipate, prevent, or reduce the risks. In attempting to meet these responsibilities, legislative, judicial, regulatory, and private sector institutions have had to deal with the extraordinarily complex problem of assessing and balancing LP/ HC risks against the costs and ben if its of risk reduction. The need to help society cope with LP/HC events such as nuclear power plant accidents, toxic spills, chemical plant explosions, and transportation accidents has given rise to the development of a new intellectual endeavor: LP/HC risk analysis. The scope and complexity of these analyses require a high degree of cooperative effort on the part of specialists from many f~elds. Analyzing technical, social, and value issues requires the efforts of physicists, biologists, geneticists, statisticians, chemists, engineers, political scientists, sociologists, decision analysts, management scientists, economists, psychologists, ethicists, lawyers, and policy analysts. Included in this volume are papers by authors in each of these disciplines. The papers share in common a focus on one or more of the following questions that are generic to the analysis of LP/HC risks.