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The growing use of private labels in recent years has affected significantly the landscape of retail competition, with major retailers no longer being confined to their traditional role as purchasers and distributors of branded goods. By selling their own-label products within their outlets they are competing with their upstream brand suppliers for sales and shelf space. This unique relationship, and the continued strengthening of private labels, raises important questions as to their pro-competitive effects and possible negative effects. This book provides an in-depth review of the range of competitive and intellectual property issues raised in connection with private brands in Europe and the US. It examines the development of private labels and their impact on retail competition, then moves on to focus on policy and questions the adequacy of current economic and legal analysis in light of the characteristics of own-label competition, and finally it presents a thorough evaluation of the legal issues in the field, including chapters on horizontal and vertical effects, dominance, mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property, copycat packaging and consumer welfare. The book contains a collection of essays reflecting the debate on the impact of private labels upon competition, investment and innovation in the retail sector. The ideas and arguments underlying the articles have been developed through a series of seminars held in the Oxford Centre for Competition Law and Policy over the last three years. Participants in these seminars have included competition officials, law academics, practitioners and representatives from industry.
Recent decades have witnessed a distinct increase in the sales and popularity of private labels. The growing market share of private labels has transformed the landscape of retail competition in developed countries. Major retailers are no longer confined to their traditional roles of purchasers and distributors of branded goods. By selling their own label products within their outlet they compete with their upstream brand suppliers on sales and shelf space. This 'vertical competition' is not confined solely to 'value' categories of products. These days, retailers offer private label goods catering for the value, specialized and premium markets. These developments, and the increasing confidence that consumers have in private labels, have increased the bargaining position and market power of retailers as their labels compete directly with the leading manufacturers' brand and its 'value' alternatives. This unique relationship and the increased role played by private labels in Europe, and more specifically the United Kingdom, raises fundamental questions as to their pro-, and possible anti-, competitive effects. It further highlights the shifting power balance between the producer and distributor and between the private label and branded good. This paper focuses on the effects of private labels, sold in major supermarkets, on retail competition and consumer welfare. In particular, it considers how supermarkets may affect competition due to the fact that they retain control over shelving, in-store promotion and the pricing of branded and own label goods. Furthermore, it reviews the enforcement of European competition laws in a private label environment and the difficulty in balancing the beneficial short-term effects of private labels and their possible, harmful, long-term effects. It subsequently questions whether these difficulties imply a lack of competitive harm or reflect a gap in regulation, as traditional analysis fails to encompass the increased market power of retailers and the existence of vertical competition.
Introduces the emerging field of brand law and explores its interaction with the economics of modern branding.
The growth in private labels has huge implications for managers on both sides.
This proceedings volume highlights the latest research presented at the 7th International Conference on Research on National Brand & Private Label Marketing (NB&PL2020, Barcelona, Spain). The topics covered include: retailing, private label portfolio and assortment management, marketing of premium store brands, using national brands to exclude (delist) and include, optimal assortment size, consumer store patronage, etc. Several contributions also focus on private label pricing and promotion, especially on the relative pricing of standard and premium private labels, and with regard to the national brands in the assortment. Further questions addressed here include: Should store brands be promoted? If so, what types of promotion should be used? How can private label penetration, especially premium private labels, best be dealt with? Are dual branding and coupons viable options?
This book is an original, high-quality collection of chapters about highly topical and important brand management issues, and it shows both theoretical and empiric analysis. The 10 selected chapters are referred, with original contents and rigorous research methodologies, to some important challenges the brand management has to face in the current competitive contexts, characterized by the dominance of the intangible resources and the new information and communication technologies. Written by leading academics, this book is dedicated not only to marketing and management scholars but also to students wanting to investigate the knowledge concerning special fields and special brand management themes. As well to the practitioners who can find a wide reference also to the managerial implication from the strategic and operative perspectives.
Abstract: Private labeling of products is not new. Manylarge merchandisers such as Sears and A&P, have marketedproducts under their own labels since the 19th century. Inthe past decade, there has been tremendous growth of privatelabels in both the food and drug chains. Private labels arecontinually changing to meet customer demands. They giveconsumers a price break plus value for their money.Generics, an extension of private labels, have created shockwaves throughout the marketplace. A private label magazine,Private Label, and Private Label Manufacturers Associationhave elevated the private label to first-class citizenshipin the marketplace. Developing a "philosophy," organizing aprivate label program, setting up a quality control program,packaging, pricing, and merchandising strategies, and thelegal aspects of the private label are discussed. A listingof private labels by distributor; tabular data gathered instudies done by Selling-Area-Marketing, Inc., (SAMI), fromthe 1st Gallup study on Private Labels 1981, and the brandpreferences of foodservice operators are appended. (emc).
This book provides a unique perspective, beginning in the 19th century, of the growth and change of the food and drug store businesses in the United States, Canada & Mexico. It examines the evolution of the concept of controlled BRAND owned by retailers, wholesalers along with the emergence of the private label concept as a viable profit-maker for trade customers and smaller manufacturers. This analysis tracks the development of the cooperatives and food and drug store chains. The impact of the supermarket concept, the monopoly of manufacturers brands, the restrictions imposed by local, state and legislative actions; the debut of dedicated private label manufacturers; the maturation of the private label industry, all these subjects are covered in this book.
As the global market continues to recuperate from economic downfall, it is essential for private label products to find ways to compete with alternatives offered by wholesale and national retailers. In many cases, it becomes difficult for off-brand products to generate market appeal when consumers have preconceived notions about the quality of generic products and loyalty to branded products. The Handbook of Research on Strategic Retailing of Private Label Products in a Recovering Economy emphasizes advertising and promotional approaches being utilized, as well as consumer behavior and satisfaction in response to marketing strategies and the sensitive pricing techniques being implemented to endorse generic and store-brand products available on the market. Highlighting brand competition between wholesalers, retailers, and private brand names following a global economic crisis, this publication is an extensive resource for researchers, graduate-students, economists, and business professionals.